A prevenção da asma é dividida em três níveis: prevenção primária, que visa prevenir a asma removendo fatores de risco; prevenção secundária, que consiste em diagnósticos e tratamentos precoces sem sintomas, para evitar o desenvolvimento da doença da asma; prevenção terciária, que visa o controle ativo dos sintomas da asma, a prevenção da progressão da doença e a redução das complicações. A prevenção da asma bronquial na terceira idade segue os mesmos princípios, e as métodos de evitar e intervenções específicas são os seguintes:
1、哮喘是一种多基因遗传病
Asthma is a polygenic hereditary disease7its heritability80% to
20%, therefore, heredity is an important risk factor, and genetic counseling should be carried out during marriage selection. If both parents are susceptible, the possibility of their children being susceptible is much higher than that of parents with only one susceptible. Therefore, it is advisable to avoid choosing susceptible individuals as partners. Blood type also has a certain correlation with the onset of asthma. People with blood type A are prone to asthma and allergic rhinitis, while those with blood type O are much less likely to suffer from these diseases than those with blood type A.
Control environmental triggers
3mainly include determining, controlling, and avoiding contact with various allergens, occupational sensitizers, and other non-specific irritants. The most common allergens causing allergies are fish, shrimp and crab, eggs, milk, and others. Occupational sensitizers include toluene diisocyanate, zinc phthalocyanine, ethylenediamine, penicillin, protease, amylase, silk, animal dander or excrement, and others. In addition, there are also non-specific substances such as formaldehyde and formic acid. Moreover, some specific and non-specific inhaled substances can also induce asthma. The former includes dust mites, pollen, fungi, animal dander, and others; non-specific inhaled substances include sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, chlorine, ammonia, and others. Asthma can be induced when there are changes in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, and (or) ions in the air, so more cases occur in cold seasons or during the change from autumn to winter.
Mental factors
4Emotional excitement, anxiety, resentment, and other emotional factors can promote asthma attacks, which are generally believed to be caused by cortical and vagus nerve reflexes or excessive ventilation. Therefore, psychological treatment should be provided to the elderly, and self-management, self-relaxation, and self-adjustment should be strengthened.
Avoid respiratory tract infections-1Asthma formation and attacks are related to recurrent respiratory tract infections. Among asthma patients, there may be specific IgE against bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma, and others. If the corresponding antigens are inhaled, asthma can be induced. After viral infection, the respiratory tract epithelium can be directly damaged, leading to increased respiratory tract reactivity. Some scholars believe that interferons, IL
5cause an increase in histamine released by basophils. Therefore, in daily life, one should pay attention to keeping the indoor air fresh and circulating. Avoid entering and leaving public places during the susceptible period. Enhance personal resistance, add clothes in time, and wear a mask in cold seasons.
Asthma and medication-Some drugs can cause asthma attacks, such as propranolol, which blocks β-receptors, leading to asthma.2.3porcento a20% of asthma patients develop asthma due to taking aspirin or other drugs, known as aspirin asthma. Patients are also called aspirin triad due to their nasal polyps and low tolerance to aspirin. Patients may have cross-reactivity with other antipyretic and analgesic drugs and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The elderly may need to take aspirin and β-adrenergic receptor antagonists to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, which can cause asthma.2receptor blocking drugs, and in order to avoid asthma attacks, one should weigh the pros and cons and choose medication selectively.
6smoking
Among elderly asthma patients, those with a history of smoking account for6Around 0%, most patients develop asthma after many years of smoking. It is precisely due to the long-term smoking that leads to increased airway reactivity, so the elderly should avoid smoking and quit as soon as possible.
7intervenção comunitária
encorajar os pacientes a estabelecer um relacionamento de parceiro com os profissionais de saúde, avaliar objetivamente a gravidade da crise de asma através de exames regulares da função pulmonar, evitar e controlar os fatores desencadeantes da asma, reduzir as recorrências, elaborar um plano de uso de medicamentos para o manejo a longo prazo da asma, elaborar um plano de tratamento para a fase aguda, seguir-up regular e a longo prazo para a saúde.