La prévention de l'asthme se décompose en trois niveaux : la prévention de premier niveau, qui vise à prévenir l'asthme en éliminant les facteurs de risque ; la prévention de second niveau, qui consiste en une détection et un traitement précoces sans symptômes, pour prévenir l'évolution de la maladie asthmatique ; la prévention de troisième niveau, qui vise à contrôler activement les symptômes de l'asthme, à prévenir la détérioration de la maladie et à réduire les complications. La prévention de l'asthme bronchique chez les personnes âgées suit également ces principes, et les méthodes d'éviction et d'intervention spécifiques sont les suivantes :
1asthma is a polygenic hereditary disease
its heritability70% to80%, therefore, heredity is an important risk factor, genetic counseling should be done when choosing a partner. If both parents are susceptible, the possibility of their children being susceptible is much higher than that of one parent being susceptible, so it is necessary to avoid choosing susceptible individuals as partners. Blood type also has a certain correlation with the onset of asthma. People with type A blood are prone to asthma and allergic rhinitis, while people with type O blood are much less likely to have these diseases than those with type A blood.
2and control environmental triggers
mainly include determining, controlling, and avoiding contact with various allergens, occupational sensitizers, and other non-specific irritants. The most common allergens causing allergies are fish, shrimp and crab, eggs, milk, etc. Occupational sensitizers include toluene diisocyanate, zinc phthalocyanine, ethylenediamine, penicillin, protease, amylase, silk, animal dander or excrement, etc. In addition, there are also non-specific substances such as formaldehyde, formic acid, etc. In addition, some specific and non-specific inhaled substances can also induce asthma. The former includes dust mites, pollen, fungi, animal hair, etc.; non-specific inhaled substances include sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, chlorine, ammonia, etc. Asthma can be induced when the temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, and (or) air ion change, so there are more cases in cold seasons or when the seasons change from autumn to winter.
3and mental factors
Patients' emotional excitement, tension, anger, and other factors can promote asthma attacks, which is generally believed to be caused by cerebral cortex and vagus nerve reflex or overbreathing. Therefore, psychological treatment should be given to the elderly to strengthen self-management, self-relaxation, and self-adjustment.
4to avoid respiratory tract infection
The formation and onset of asthma are related to repeated respiratory tract infections. Among asthma patients, there may be specific IgE to bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma, etc., if the corresponding antigen is inhaled, asthma can be induced. Viral infection can directly damage the respiratory epithelium, causing increased respiratory tract reactivity. Some scholars believe that interferon, IL-1increase the release of histamine from basophils. Therefore, in daily life, it is necessary to keep the indoor air fresh and circulating. Avoid going out in public places during the susceptible period. Enhance your own resistance, add clothes in time, and wear a mask in cold seasons.
5and asthma with drugs
Some drugs can cause asthma attacks, such as propranolol, which blocks β-adrenaline receptor can cause asthma.2.3h à20% of asthma patients develop asthma due to the use of aspirin and other drugs, known as aspirin asthma. Patients are also called aspirin triad due to the presence of nasal polyps and low tolerance to aspirin. Patients may have cross-reactions to other antipyretic analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The elderly need to take aspirin and β2receptor blocking drugs, in order to avoid asthma attacks, it is necessary to weigh the pros and cons and select medication selectively.
6smoking
Among elderly asthma patients, those with a history of smoking account for6Around 0%, most patients develop asthma after many years of smoking. It is precisely because of the long-term smoking that leads to hyperreactivity of the airways, the elderly should avoid smoking and quit smoking as soon as possible.
7intervention communautaire
encourager les patients à établir une relation de partenaire avec les soignants, évaluer objectivement la gravité des crises d'asthme par des tests de fonction pulmonaire réguliers, éviter et contrôler les facteurs déclenchants de l'asthme, réduire les récidives, élaborer un plan de traitement à long terme pour l'asthme, élaborer des plans de traitement pour les périodes d'aggravation, suivre régulièrement la santé et le bien-être.