La prevención del asma se divide en tres niveles: la prevención primaria, que tiene como objetivo prevenir el asma mediante la eliminación de factores de riesgo; la prevención secundaria, que implica la diagnóstico y tratamiento tempranos en ausencia de síntomas para evitar la progresión de la enfermedad del asma; y la prevención terciaria, que consiste en controlar activamente los síntomas del asma, prevenir la恶化 de la enfermedad y reducir las complicaciones. La prevención del asma bronquial en ancianos sigue los mismos principios, y las métodos de evitación e intervención específicos son los siguientes:
1asthma is a polygenic hereditary disease
its heritability70% to80%, therefore, heredity is an important risk factor, and genetic counseling should be carried out when choosing a partner. If both parents are susceptible, the possibility that their children are susceptible is much higher than that of one parent, so it is necessary to avoid choosing susceptible individuals as partners. There is also a certain correlation between blood type and the incidence of asthma. People with type A blood are prone to asthma and allergic rhinitis, while people with type O blood have much lower chances of suffering from these diseases than those with type A blood.
2and controlling environmental triggering factors
mainly include determining, controlling, and avoiding contact with various allergens, occupational sensitizers, and other non-specific irritant factors. The most common allergenic foods are fish, shrimp and crab, eggs, milk, etc. Occupational sensitizers include toluene diisocyanate, zinc phthalocyanine, diethylenetriamine, penicillin, protease, amylase, silk, animal dander or excrement, etc. In addition, there are also non-specific substances such as formaldehyde, formic acid, etc. Moreover, some specific and non-specific inhaled substances can also induce asthma. The former includes dust mites, pollen, fungi, animal dander, etc.; non-specific inhaled substances include sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, chlorine, ammonia, etc. Asthma can be induced when the temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, and (or) ion concentration in the air change, so there are more cases in cold seasons or during the change of autumn and winter.
3and mental factors
When patients are excited, anxious, angry, and other emotions, they will promote asthma attacks, and it is generally believed that it is caused by the reflection of the cerebral cortex and vagus nerve or excessive ventilation. Therefore, psychological treatment should be given to the elderly, and self-management, self-relaxation, and self-adjustment should be strengthened.
4to avoid respiratory tract infection
The formation and onset of asthma are related to recurrent respiratory tract infections. Among asthma patients, there may be specific IgE to bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma, etc., and asthma can be induced if the corresponding antigens are inhaled. Viral infection can directly damage the respiratory epithelium, causing increased respiratory tract reactivity. Some scholars believe that interferon, IL-1increasing the release of histamine from basophils. Therefore, it is necessary to keep the indoor air fresh and circulating in daily life. Avoid entering and leaving public places during the susceptible period. Enhance your own resistance, add clothes in time, and wear a mask in cold seasons.
5and asthma with drugs
Some drugs can cause asthma attacks, such as propranolol, due to blocking β-adrenaline receptor can cause asthma.2.3por ciento a20% of asthma patients develop asthma due to taking aspirin and other drugs, known as aspirin asthma. Patients are also called aspirin triad due to the presence of nasal polyps and low tolerance to aspirin. Patients may have cross-reactions to other antipyretic analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The elderly need to take aspirin, β2receptor blocking drugs, in order to avoid asthma attacks, it is necessary to weigh the pros and cons and select medication selectively.
6smoking
The proportion of elderly asthma patients with a history of smoking is6Around 0%, most patients develop asthma after many years of smoking. It is precisely because of the long-term smoking that leads to hyperreactivity of the airways, the elderly should avoid smoking and quit smoking as soon as possible.
7intervención comunitaria
Alentar a los pacientes a establecer una relación de asociación con los profesionales de la salud, evaluar objetivamente la gravedad de las crisis de asma a través de pruebas regulares de función pulmonar, evitar y controlar los factores desencadenantes del asma, reducir las recurrencias, establecer un plan de tratamiento a largo plazo para la gestión del asma, establecer un plan de tratamiento para la fase de crisis, realizar seguimiento regular y cuidados de salud a largo plazo.
