Die Prävention von Asthma gliedert sich in drei Stufen: Primärprävention, die darauf abzielt, Asthma durch Beseitigung von Risikofaktoren zu verhindern; Sekundärprävention, die auf frühe Diagnose und Behandlung ohne Symptome abzielt, um die Entwicklung von Asthma zu verhindern; Tertiärprävention, die darauf abzielt, die Symptome von Asthma aktiv zu kontrollieren, die Verschlechterung der Krankheit zu verhindern und Komplikationen zu reduzieren. Die Prävention von bronchialer Asthma bei älteren Menschen folgt ebenfalls diesen Prinzipien, und die spezifischen Methoden zur Vermeidung und Intervention sind wie folgt:
1Asthma is a polygenic hereditary disease
Its heritability70% to80%, therefore, heredity is an important risk factor, genetic counseling should be done when choosing a partner. If both parents are susceptible, the possibility of their children being susceptible is much higher than that of only one parent, so it should be avoided to choose susceptible individuals as partners. Blood type also has a certain correlation with the onset of asthma. People with type A blood are prone to asthma and allergic rhinitis, while people with type O blood are much less likely to have these diseases than those with type A blood.
2Control environmental triggers
It is mainly to determine, control, and avoid contact with various allergens, occupational sensitizers, and other non-specific stimulating factors. The most common allergens causing allergies are fish, shrimp and crab, eggs, milk, etc. Occupational sensitizers include toluene diisocyanate, zinc phthalocyanine, ethylenediamine, penicillin, protease, amylase, silk, animal dander or excrement, etc. In addition, there are also non-specific substances such as formaldehyde, formic acid, etc. In addition, some specific and non-specific inhaled substances can also induce asthma. The former includes dust mites, pollen, fungi, animal dander, etc.; non-specific inhaled substances include sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, chlorine, ammonia, etc. Asthma can be induced when the temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, and (or) air ions change, so there are more cases in cold seasons or when the seasons change from autumn to winter.
3Mental factors
Emotional excitement, tension, anger, and other emotions in patients can promote asthma attacks, which is generally believed to be caused by cerebral cortex and vagus nerve reflex or overbreathing. Therefore, psychological treatment should be given to the elderly to strengthen self-management, self-relaxation, and self-adjustment.
4Avoid respiratory tract infections
The formation and onset of asthma are related to repeated respiratory tract infections. Among asthma patients, there may be specific IgE against bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma, etc. If the corresponding antigen is inhaled, asthma can be induced. Viral infection can directly damage the respiratory epithelium, causing increased respiratory tract reactivity. Some scholars believe that interferon, IL-1Increase the amount of histamine released by basophils. Therefore, in daily life, attention should be paid to keeping the indoor air fresh and circulating. Try to avoid public places during the susceptible period. Enhance your own resistance, add clothes in time, and wear a mask in cold seasons.
5Asthma and drugs
Some drugs can cause asthma attacks, such as propranolol, which blocks β-Adrenergic receptor can cause asthma.2.3Prozent bis20% of asthma patients develop asthma due to taking aspirin and other drugs, known as aspirin asthma. Patients are also called aspirin triad due to the presence of nasal polyps and low tolerance to aspirin. Patients may have cross-reactions to other antipyretic analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The elderly need to take aspirin, β2Receptor blocking drugs, in order to avoid asthma attacks, should weigh the pros and cons and select medication selectively.
6Smoking
Among elderly asthma patients, those with a history of smoking account for6About 0%, most patients develop asthma after many years of smoking. It is precisely because of the long-term smoking that leads to high airway reactivity, the elderly should avoid smoking and quit smoking as soon as possible.
7, Gemeinschaftsintervention
Ermutigen Sie die Patienten, eine Partnerschaft mit den medizinischen Fachkräften zu entwickeln, um die Asthma-Anfälle objektiv zu bewerten, durch regelmäßige Lungenfunktionstests, die Auslöser von Asthma zu vermeiden und zu kontrollieren, die Rezidive zu reduzieren, einen langfristigen Behandlungsplan für Asthma zu erstellen, einen Behandlungsplan für die Attackephase zu erstellen und regelmäßig zu folgen.