本症起病情况不一,症状表现多样。LCH、皮肤、单骨或多骨损害,伴或不伴有尿崩症者为局限性;肝、脾、肺、造血系统等脏器损害,或伴有骨,皮肤病变者属广泛性,本例患者累及多系统,多脏器属广泛性LCH。
轻者为孤立的无痛性骨病变,重者为广泛的脏器浸润伴发热和体重减轻。
1、皮疹皮肤病变常为变诊的首要症状,皮疹呈各种开头婴儿急性患者,皮疹主要分布于躯干和头皮发际,耳后,开始为斑丘疹,很快发生渗出(类似于湿疹可脂溢性皮炎),可伴有出血,而后结痂,脱悄,最后留有色素白斑,白斑长时不易消散,各期皮疹可同时存在或一批消退一批又起,在出疹时常有发热,慢性者皮疹可散见于身体各处,初为淡经色斑丘疹或疣状结节,消退时中央下陷变平,有的呈暗棕色,极似结痂水痘,最后局部皮肤变薄稍凹下,略具光泽或少许脱屑,皮疹既可与其他器管损害同时出现,也可作为唯一的受累表现存在,常见于1έτους男婴。
2Ο σκελετικός όγκος είναι σχεδόν παρών σε όλους τους ασθενείς με LCH, με μοναδικές οστικές βλάβες να είναι πιο συχνές από πολλαπλές οστικές βλάβες, με κύρια χαρακτηριστικά την οστική λύση, με την κρανιονική βλάβη να είναι η πιο συχνή, ακολουθούμενη από τα οστά των ποδιών, τα ριγώνια, το οστικό σκελετό και τη σπονδυλική στήλη, με τις βλάβες των οστών του προσώπου να είναι επίσης συχνές. Στην ακτινογραφία, παρουσιάζονται ως οστικές λύσεις με ακαμψία περιθωρίου, με την καταστροφή του κρανίου να ποικίλλει από μικρές ζημίες μέχρι μεγάλα κενά ή να είναι σαν να έχει σκαρφαλωθεί, με ακαμψία μορφολογίας, σε σχήμα κύκλου ή οβάλ, με τα περιθώρια να είναι δόντια, με την άκρα βλάβη να είναι ασαφής και συχνά να υπάρχει αυξημένη πίεση στο κεφάλι, ρωγμές στα οστά του κρανίου ή επικοινωνιακή υδροκεφαλία, με συνοδευτικά πονοκεφάλους, αλλά κατά τη διάρκεια της ανάκτησης, η οστική στοιχεία γίνονται σταδιακά πιο καθαρά στα περιθώρια, εμφανίζοντας σκληρό περιβάλλον, με μη ομοιόμορφη πυκνότητα οστού, με την οστική βλάβη να μειώνεται σταδιακά και τελικά να αποκαθίσταται χωρίς ίχνη, άλλες οστικές αλλαγές στην ακτινογραφία: οι ριγώνες μπορεί να εμφανίζονται διευρυνόμενες, να μεγαλώνουν, η οστική να είναι λεπτή ή σε κύστη, και μετά να απορροφάται, να συρρικνώνεται, να γίνεται λεπτή, η καταστροφή των σπονδύλων μπορεί να γίνει σε επίπεδους σπονδύλους, αλλά ο χώρος μεταξύ των σπονδύλων δεν συχνά να στενεύει, με σπάνιες γωνίες δυσμορφίας, η καταστροφή των σπονδύλων μπορεί να προκαλέσει πίεση στη σπονδυλική νεύρο, με λίγους ασθενείς να έχουν διόγκωση των λιπογόνων ιστών, οι βλάβες των οστών του προσώπου μπορεί να εκφραστούν ως τύπος δοντιού και σώματος του προσώπου.
3、The lymph node lesions of LCH can manifest in three forms: ① simple lymph node lesions, known as primary lymph node eosinophilic granuloma; ② as accompanying lesions of localized or focal LCH, often involving osteolytic damage or skin lesions; ③ as part of systemic disseminated LCH, often involving solitary lymph nodes in the neck or inguinal region, with most patients having no fever, and a few having pain only at the enlarged lymph node site. Simple lymph node involvement usually has a good prognosis.
4、The external auditory inflammation of LCH is often the result of lymphocyte proliferation and infiltration of the soft tissue or bone tissue in the auditory canal, and it is sometimes difficult to distinguish from disseminated bacterial otitis media. The main symptoms include purulent discharge from the external auditory canal, swelling behind the ear, and conductive hearing loss. CT examination can show lesions of both bone and soft tissue, and mastoid lesions can include mastoiditis, chronic otitis, cholesteatoma formation, and hearing loss.
5、Under normal circumstances, there is generally no LC in the bone marrow, even LCH that invades multiple sites is difficult to see LC in the bone marrow. Once LC invades the bone marrow, the patient may present with anemia, decreased white blood cells, and decreased platelets. However, the degree of bone marrow dysfunction is not proportional to the amount of LC infiltration in the bone marrow, and the presence of LC in the bone marrow alone is not sufficient to serve as a diagnostic criterion for LCH.
6、The thymus is one of the organs often affected by LCH.
7、The pulmonary lesions of LCH can be part of systemic lesions or exist independently, known as primary pulmonary LCH. Pulmonary lesions can occur at any age, but they are more common in infants during childhood, presenting with varying degrees of respiratory distress, hypoxia, and changes in pulmonary compliance. Severe cases may develop pneumothorax, subcutaneous emphysema, and are prone to respiratory failure and death. Pulmonary function tests often show restrictive damage.
8、The disseminated LCH often invades the liver, the affected areas of the liver are mostly in the liver triangle, the extent of involvement can range from mild biliary stasis to severe tissue infiltration at the hepatic portal, resulting in liver cell damage and biliary involvement, manifesting as abnormal liver function, jaundice, hypoproteinemia, ascites, and prolonged prothrombin time, and further development can lead to sclerosing cholangitis, liver fibrosis, and liver failure.
9, disseminated LCH of the spleen often has splenic enlargement, accompanied by a decrease in one or more series of blood cells in peripheral blood, the cause may be the expansion of the spleen volume, causing the blockage of platelets and granulocytes rather than an increase in destruction, the blood cells blocked by the spleen can still reach a dynamic balance with peripheral blood cells, so hemorrhagic symptoms are not common.
10, gastrointestinal lesions are common in systemic disseminated LCH, symptoms are often related to the involved site, the most commonly involved are the small intestine and ileum, with symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and malabsorption, which can cause growth retardation in children over a long period of time.
11, Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the central nervous system has central nervous system involvement is not uncommon, the most common involved site is thalamus-The posterior pituitary area, diffuse LCH can have parenchymal brain lesions, most patients' neurological symptoms appear several years after other sites of LCH, common symptoms include ataxia, dysarthria, nystagmus, hyperreflexia, alternans movement disorder, dysphagia, blurred vision, etc., caused by thalamus and/or pituitary granuloma-induced diabetes insipidus may occur before, during, or after brain symptoms, or may be the only manifestation of CNS.
12, Letterer-Siwe disease is the most severe type of Langerhans cell histiocytosis, accounting for approximately1%of typical cases are younger than2years old infants may develop scaly seborrheic eczema-like skin rash, sometimes presenting purpura rash, involving the scalp, earshell, abdomen, and neck and facial creases. Skin damage can become the gateway for microbial invasion, leading to sepsis. Common symptoms include ear discharge, lymphadenopathy, and enlargement of the liver and spleen. Severe cases may present with liver dysfunction accompanied by hypoalbuminemia and reduced synthesis of coagulation factors, anorexia, irritability, weight loss, and significant respiratory symptoms (such as cough, rapid breathing, pneumothorax). Severe anemia, sometimes accompanied by neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia are often a precursor to death. Due to these symptoms, young patients are often misdiagnosed or missed.