To confirm the diagnosis of this disease, it is generally necessary to take the following examination measures:
1Microalbuminuria (UAER)
Elderly UAER has a large variation, elderly males (11.4±2.6)μg/minutes, females (8.2±2.2)μg/minutes.
2Microalbuminuria
1988In the year, the microalbuminuria proposed by Bernard et al. can also be used as an early diagnostic indicator for elderly diabetic nephropathy. Some studies suggest that the transferrin (TRF) excretion rate (TER) may be more sensitive than UAER, but it has not yet been officially used as an early diagnostic indicator.
3Urine sialic acid
Under normal circumstances, sialic acid is on the basement membrane, and its charge barrier effect can prevent the leakage of small molecular albumin in the plasma. In the early stage of elderly diabetic nephropathy, the loss of sialic acid on the membrane destroys the charge barrier on the basement membrane, causing a significant increase in the excretion of sialic acid in urine. To some extent, the total urinary sialic acid can reflect the degree of kidney injury.
4Exercise-induced test
Some diabetic patients cannot detect an increase in urinary protein excretion during rest or normal activity, but after strenuous exercise, the excretion of urinary protein increases, which is roughly equivalent to stage II of elderly diabetic nephropathy.
5Early changes in glomerular hemodynamic parameters
Some early diagnostic indicators are mainly located in stage III, and some can reach stage II.
6Early indicators of renal tubular dysfunction
Albumin transferrin or NAG (N-Acetyl-B-The appearance of D-galactosamine glucosidase suggests glomerular damage, while the earlier changes in hemodynamics dominated by glomerular hyperfiltration are functional changes of the glomerulus. Diabetic kidney disease not only manifests as glomerular damage but also reflects functional and实质性 damage in the renal tubules. Therefore, many studies explore early indicators of renal tubular damage for early diagnosis of elderly diabetic nephropathy.
7、urine immunoglobulin G4(IgG4)excretion
IgG4is a plasma macromolecular immunoglobulin G4One of the subclasses, which appears in urine, means the change of filtration pore diameter on the glomerular basement membrane, therefore, the detection of urine IgG4levels can assist in the early diagnosis of elderly diabetic nephropathy.
8Genetic markers
In recent years, the role of genetic genes in the occurrence of elderly diabetic nephropathy has gradually received attention. It is currently believed that genetic factors play an important role in elderly diabetic nephropathy, or at least in the occurrence of some elderly diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, finding genetic markers as predictors or assisting in the pre-diagnosis of elderly diabetic nephropathy has become a new hot topic.