1.Primary vesicoureteral reflux is caused by weaknesses in the development of the ureterovesical junction. Due to various reasons, the function of the ureterovesical junction is abnormal, causing the phenomenon of vesical urine refluxing back into the ureter, which is called vesicoureteral reflux. This disease can be divided into congenital and acquired types, and children are mostly congenital, with a higher incidence than adults. Adults are mostly caused by urethral and bladder lesions, with more women than men. Vesicoureteral reflux causes hydronephrosis of the ureter and kidney, secondary infection and calculus, and damage to kidney function. The treatment of this disease is good, and the surgery cure rate is95% above.
2.Vesicoureteral reflux can cause upper urinary tract bacterial infection, occasionally increased intrarenal pressure, damage kidney function, and cause reflux primarily due to congenital developmental defects at the vesicoureteral junction. Reflux can also occur in children with normal anatomical and functional junctions but with bladder outlet obstruction, increased intravesical pressure, and neurogenic bladder. Bacteria in the lower urinary tract are easily refluxed to the upper urinary tract, causing renal parenchymal infection, renal scarring, and kidney function damage. Chronic bladder storage and increased urinary pressure (>40cmH2.O) can lead to increased intrarenal pressure causing reflux. Vesicoureteral reflux can cause lumbar and abdominal pain, persistent or recurrent urinary tract infections, difficulty urinating or pain in the lower back during urination, frequent urination, urgency, and symptoms of renal insufficiency. It can also cause pyuria, hematuria, proteinuria, and bacteriuria. Infusion and voiding cystourethrography can clearly define reflux and determine the presence of bladder outlet obstruction, which can be resolved by surgery. Direct isotopic cystography can also determine the presence of reflux, and long-term prophylactic antibiotic treatment can make reflux disappear naturally after several months to several years. If prophylactic antibiotic treatment is ineffective, the best option is to perform ureterovesical reimplantation surgery when renal scarring progresses. If reflux is combined with high-pressure bladder storage and urination, medication and/.Or behavior therapy to reduce intravesical pressure. Sometimes reflux is resolved, otherwise, reimplantation surgery is necessary, which almost always cures reflux and reduces the incidence of pyelonephritis, and decreases the incidence and mortality rate of secondary kidney diseases due to reflux and infection.