1Urineexamination:Wheninfectionoccurs,whitebloodcellsandpuscellsmaybepresentinurine,cultureofmidstreamurinecanshownon-specificbacterialgrowth,whenstonesarepresent,erythrocytesmaybepresentinurine.
2Cystoscopy:Whenlowerurinarytractobstructionoccurs,cystoscopycandetectprostatichyperplasia,bladderneckstenosis,bladderstonesandsmallridges,smallchambers,diverticulaandotherlesions.
3Urography:Whenstonesarepresent,non-opaque shadowsofstonescanbedisplayedontheplainfilm,whenupperurinarytractobstructionoccurs,thereisoftenaccumulationofurineintheaffectedkidney,severehydronephrosisoftencausesrenalinsufficiencyandisnotvisible.Ureteralhydronephrosiscanbedisplayedasexpansionandcurvature.Whenlowerurinarytractobstructionoccurs,thecircumferenceofthebladderisirregular.Whendiverticulaarepresent,thedimensionsandlocationsofthediverticula candbedisplayed.Cystourethrographycanbedisplayedasnarrowingoftheurethraandvalvesandotherlesions.
4B-ultrasoundexamination:Whenupperurinarytractobstructionoccurs,fluidlevelsegmentscanoftenbefoundonthesideoftheaffectedkidney,indicatingaccumulationofurineintheaffectedkidney.Whenstonesarepresent,stonesandtheirechoshadowscanbeseen.Whenlowerurinarytractobstructionoccurs,urineleftinthebladdercanbemeasuredatdifferentdegrees.
5CTscanexamination:Whenupperurinarytractobstructionoccurs,CTscannotonlymeasuretheaccumulationofurineintheaffectedkidney,butalsomeasurethethicknessofthecortexoftheaffectedkidney,whichisofimportantreferencevaluefordecidingthetreatmentplan.CTscanalsocan detectsubstance shadowsofstones,and sometimes it can also detecttumorsinthepelvisandureters.
6Examinationofrenalfunction:Nochangeinrenalfunctionintheearlystageofobstruction,unilateralupperurinarytractobstructionoftencausesdecreasedrenalfunctiononthesideoftheaffectedkidney,whichcanbeproposedbyindocyaninegreentest,radionuclidekidneyimagingandvenoussystemurography.Whenbothupperurinarytractobstructionandlowerurinarytractobstructionoccurlong-term,renalinsufficiencycanoccurinbothkidneys,withelevatedbloodureanitrogenandcreatinine.Radiopharmaceuticalkidneyimagingcanshowdamagedkidneyfunctionorobstructivekidneyimaging.
7、exames de dinâmica urinária:}}ao obstruir a obstrução urinária inferior, a taxa máxima de fluxo urinário diminui (<10ml/sec =, a pressão intra-vesical durante a fase de micção aumenta significativamente (>70 cm de coluna de água).