What tests should be done for elderly prostate cancer? Briefly described as follows:
Prostate acid phosphatase (PSA) is the most important marker for prostate cancer. The sensitivity of prostate acid phosphatase is poor, and those with increased alkaline phosphatase should pay attention to whether there is extensive bone metastasis. In the late stage of prostate cancer, the compression of both ureters can lead to increased blood creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and CO2Reduced binding
1、Prostate acid phosphatase (PAP)
The application of serum acid phosphatase as a marker for prostate cancer has been40years history, due to the lack of specificity of acid phosphatase and the poor stability of the enzyme at room temperature24There is biological variation in the enzyme within the h enzyme, and it is difficult to determine the significance of abnormal increase. In addition to prostate cancer, many other organs and tissues can cause an increase in acid phosphatase, so its practical value is greatly affected.
2、Prostate-specific antigen
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an enzyme produced only by the prostate epithelium, a glycoprotein that can hydrolyze the clot of seminal fluid, and its function is related to male fertility. The molecular weight of PSA is approximately30000, containing240amino acids and7%carbohydrates, which is very similar to the proteases of the kinin-releasing enzyme family, existing in blood and seminal plasma, PSA is a marker that is more sensitive than PAP, but its specificity is still not high for the screening and diagnostic of prostate cancer. The serum PSA of patients with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) can all increase, and it is an important marker for monitoring the prognosis of prostate cancer.
3、Cytological and histological examination
Since cancer cells can be detected in the seminal fluid of patients with prostate cancer, prostate cancer can be diagnosed by the method of urine sedimentation smear or seminal fluid smear microscopy. Pathological diagnosis can be obtained through puncture biopsy, and the accuracy of biopsy is as high as80%~90%
(1)Transrectal B-ultrasound examination
Transrectal B-ultrasound examination is a relatively accurate examination method, which can detect the volume4mL and above of cancer nodules, the tumor is often hypoechoic, solitary or multiple, and a few echoic tumors may not be detected during B-ultrasound examination. Ultrasonic examination can accurately understand the three-dimensional image of the tumor and can measure the volume of the tumor.
(2)Prostate biopsy
4、Radiotracer imaging
5、CT and MRI
CT and MRI are of no value in the diagnosis of A, B stage prostate cancer. These two examination methods cannot display images with diagnostic significance and cannot provide the biological behavior of cancer. For C, D stage patients, CT and MRI can show whether the tumor has extended beyond the capsule and whether it compresses the ureter to cause hydronephrosis.
6、X-ray examination
静脉肾盂造影可发现晚期前列腺癌迁延膀胱,压迫输尿管引起肾输尿管积水,以及双侧肾功能情况,当发生骨转移时,可从X线平片上显示成骨性骨质破坏,可发现病理性骨折。
7、骨扫描
核素全身骨扫描可比X线平片更早发现前列腺癌骨转移,已施行根治性前列腺切除的患者,若PSA≤20ng/ml,骨扫描不会有异常发现。