1. Causes de la maladie
L'embryon à6La semaine, les tubes renaux et les tubes rénaux adjacents se forment, ces conduits se transformeront en voies génitales mâles et femelles. Lorsque les glandes reproductrices embryonnaires se différencient en testicules et produisent de la testostérone, sous l'effet des androgènes, les tubes renaux se transforment progressivement en voies génitales mâles. La partie supérieure des tubes renaux se transforme en appendice testiculaire, les tubes éjaculateurs dérivés des tubules rénaux se joignent aux tubes rénaux qui s'étendent et se tordent pour former les tubes du testicule appendiculaire, et les tubes restants forment le corps et la queue de l'appendice testiculaire.
The etiology of congenital epididymal anomalies is not yet clear. Since patients with cryptorchidism often have epididymal anomalies, their occurrence may be related to endocrine dysfunction during embryonic development. Due to low testosterone levels, the mesonephric tubules and mesonephric duct do not develop or are underdeveloped, resulting in various types of epididymal anomalies. If the mesonephric duct does not develop at all, it can lead to congenital absence of epididymis and vas deferens. If development stops at a certain location, it will form an atresia at that location. When there is an obstacle in the tortuous winding of the epididymal duct, it can lead to obvious elongation of the epididymis and the formation of long loop epididymal anomalies.
Secondly, Pathogenesis
The epididymis is the excretory duct connecting the testis, with a thin, elongated, flat shape, located on the posterior and lateral side of the testis.10~15The efferent ducts of the testis are tortuous into a conical shape, and the ends converge into a long4~6cm and highly tortuous epididymal duct. According to Turck,94In cases other than cryptorchidism, such as hernia, hydrocele, varicocele of the spermatic cord, etc., when scrotal exploration is performed, it is found that83.9% of the epididymal head and tail are attached to the testis, while there is a certain distance between the body of the epididymis and the testis, generally capable of containing a finger tip, and those completely adherent to the testis are only12.5%.
Epididymal anomalies are mainly manifested as developmental disorders of the epididymis and abnormal attachment to the testis. The former includes the absence of the epididymis, cystic transformation of the head, underdevelopment of the middle and tail, fibrous cord-like atresia, and the epididymis is obviously elongated in the shape of a long loop. The absence of the epididymis can be further divided into:
1The mesonephric duct does not develop at all, and the vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct are all absent.
2The mesonephric duct is underdeveloped, the body and tail of the epididymis are absent, and there is also a lack of vas deferens.
3The mesonephric duct does not develop into the epididymal duct but directly differentiate into the vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct, and the efferent duct of the testis is connected to the vas deferens.
4Without epididymis, the vas deferens does not connect to the testis, and its proximal end is blind. Abnormal attachment of epididymis includes complete separation of epididymis and testis and partial separation, the latter referring to the head of the epididymis not connecting to the testis, and the epididymis not attaching to the inferior pole of the testis, etc.
From1971Since Scorer and Farrington first classified epididymal anomalies in 0 years, many different classification methods have been reported.199In 0 years, Koff and Scaletscky made some modifications based on the Scorer classification method. They classified epididymal anomalies into5Types:
Type I: Long loop epididymis: The epididymis is in the shape of a long loop, which is obviously longer than the testis in size, and it can be further divided into4Type: ①Longer than the testis in size2times; ②2~3times; ③3~4times; ④4times.
Type II: Separation of epididymis and testis: According to the site and degree of separation, this type can be further divided into the following3Cases: ①Only the tail is separated; ②Both the head and tail are separated from the testis but are relatively close; ③Both the head and tail are separated from the testis but are far apart.
Type III: Angle between epididymis and testis. ①Simple angle; ②Accompanied by epididymal stenosis.
Type IV : l'obstruction de l'appendice testiculaire ou la discontinuité continue de l'appendice testiculaire et des conduits spermatiques à n'importe quel endroit.
Type V : les membranes testiculaires plus longues.
Les différents types d'anomalies des appendices testiculaires peuvent coexister dans le même patient, les données de Koff montrent que les anomalies des appendices testiculaires en forme de longues boucles sont les plus courantes dans les cas d'hypogonadisme et de testicules ectopiques, représentant environ79.3%, la séparation de l'appendice testiculaire et du testicule est45.1%, l'angle entre l'appendice testiculaire et le testicule est8.5%, l'obstruction des appendices testiculaires ou des conduits spermatiques est3.7%, les membranes testiculaires plus longues sont1.2%. La méthode de classification de Koff ne peut pas inclure toutes les anomalies des appendices testiculaires. Sur la base de diverses informations, on résume les différents types d'anomalies des appendices testiculaires.