One, vaginal exfoliated cell examination
It is a relatively common method to understand estrogen levels. Use a cotton swab soaked in physiological saline to take the exfoliated cells from the upper segment of the vaginal side wall, spread them on a glass slide, fix and stain them, and observe the percentage of cells in the superficial, middle, and bottom layers. The higher the percentage of superficial cells, the higher the estrogen level reflects.
Two, cervical mucus
If the cervical mucus of amenorrheic patients is transparent, thin, and has good tensile strength, and there are fern-like crystals visible under the microscope after drying on a glass slide, it indicates that the ovary of the patient has the function of secreting estrogen.
Three, drug tests
This is a commonly used clinical diagnostic test for amenorrhea, especially when there is a lack of hormone measurement equipment. Drug tests are very helpful for evaluating ovarian function and endometrial function.
1Progesterone test:For amenorrheic patients, apply progesterone, intramuscular injection20mg/d, continuously3~5days; or medroxyprogesterone5~10mg/일. 연속적으로 복용5~7days, after stopping the drug3~7days (usually not more than2Weeks) appears withdrawal bleeding is positive for the test, indicates: the endometrium has function, can exclude uterine amenorrhea, the ovary has the function of secreting estrogen, the endometrium can respond to estrogen at a certain level and shed bleeding after reaction to progesterone, indicating that amenorrhea is not due to lack of estrogen, but due to various anovulatory causes of progesterone deficiency; if the progesterone test is negative, that is, no bleeding after stopping the drug, it indicates the following possibilities: first, the ovarian function is low, there is no appropriate estrogen acting on the endometrium; second, the ovarian function is normal, but the endometrium has defects or damage and cannot respond to estrogen, so uterine amenorrhea cannot be excluded; third, pregnancy cannot be excluded.
2Estrogen test:For amenorrheic patients with negative progesterone test, oral diethylstilbestrol should be administered1mg/d, or ethinyl estradiol10μg/d, or other estrogens with equivalent biological activity, continuously20 days, the last3~5days, add progesterone20mg/d, intramuscular injection, after stopping the drug3~7Observe for withdrawal bleeding for 3 days, if there is still no bleeding, it indicates that the lesion may be in the uterus, that is, uterine amenorrhea. If there is withdrawal bleeding with the above test, it means that the endometrium has a response to the action of estrogen and progesterone, and can undergo normal growth and shedding changes. The cause of amenorrhea should be in the ovary or higher position, and further testing of sex hormone levels should be conducted to confirm the diagnosis.
Measurement of sex hormone levels
pituitary hormone levels are particularly important for diagnosing the cause of amenorrhea. For patients with amenorrhea and low estrogen levels, further blood tests for FSH, LH, and prolactin (PRL) levels should be conducted. If FSH and LH levels are elevated, it indicates ovarian amenorrhea; if FSH and LH levels are low, the cause may be in the pituitary or hypothalamus; if FSH and LH levels are equivalent to normal follicular phase levels, amenorrhea is due to dysfunction of hypothalamic secretion; if LH levels are elevated while FSH levels are relatively insufficient, polycystic ovary syndrome should be considered; if PRL levels are abnormally elevated, amenorrhea is caused by hyperprolactinemia, and further examination of the cause of hyperprolactinemia should be conducted, especially the possibility of pituitary adenoma should be noted.
FSHとLHのレベルが低い場合、下垂体興奮試験は下垂体が下丘腎にあるかどうかをさらに区別することができます。下垂体興奮試験はLHRHを用いて行われます。100μgを生理食塩水に溶解します。5mlを静脈投与します。30秒以内に注射し、注射前後で153060120分で血液をサンプル採取し、LHを測定します。注射後に30~60分でLH値が注射前の値に達します。3倍以上で、下垂体機能が良好であり、下丘腎ホルモンLHRHに対する反応が正常であることを示します。閉経の原因は下丘腎下部またはそれ以上の部位にある可能性があります。注射後にLHが増加しないまたはわずかに増加する場合、下垂体が反応していないことを示し、閉経の原因は下垂体にある可能性があります。
五、基礎体温測定
排卵機能を間接的に確認できます(詳細は婦人内分泌検査方法を参照してください)。排卵後の黄体はプロゲステロンを分泌し、プロゲステロンは体温を上昇させる作用があります。正常な月経周期では、卵胞期の体温は比較的安定しており、一般的には36.5℃以下で排卵後の体温が上昇します。3~0.5℃で維持12~16日、月経前1日、月経来潮の日に卵胞期レベルに低下します。この前半周期の低い体温が後半周期に高くなる基礎体温を二相体温と呼びます。これは排卵や黄体形成があることを示唆し、この変化がない体温を一相体温と呼びます。これは排卵がないことを示します。閉経患者の基礎体温は通常一相ですが、子宮性閉経の場合、卵巣機能は正常であるため、二相の基礎体温を示すことがあります。
骨盤超音波検査は先天性子宮欠如や奇形の有無を診断するのに役立ちます。鞍部の画像検査は下垂体腫瘤の有無を診断します。診断的な子宮掻爬術、子宮イオンドライブ造影および内視鏡検査は子宮腔および内膜の状況を確認できます。さらに、他の内分泌異常や発達奇形を除外する必要がある場合は、甲状腺、副腎などの関連腺体のホルモンレベル、生化学的検査、病理生理学的検査および染色体検査などを行う必要があります。