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Urinary bladder and urethra foreign bodies

  Foreign bodies in the upper urinary tract of the urinary system are rare, while those in the lower urinary tract are more common. Foreign bodies in the lower urinary tract can be further divided into bladder foreign bodies and urethral foreign bodies. They are usually metallic or wooden remnants left after gunshot wounds and other penetrating injuries, or can be caused by artificial factors, such as non-absorbable sutures left after surgery, wires, plastic threads, ballpoint pen cores, hairpins, etc. The duration of stay of foreign bodies in the bladder can be long or short, up to several years, often accompanied by infection and bladder calculi.

 

Table of Contents

1.What are the causes of urinary bladder and urethra foreign bodies
2.What complications can bladder and urethra foreign bodies easily cause
3.What are the typical symptoms of bladder and urethra foreign bodies
4.How to prevent bladder and urethra foreign bodies
5.What kind of laboratory tests should be done for bladder and urethra foreign bodies
6.Dietary taboos for patients with bladder and urethra foreign bodies
7.The conventional method of Western medicine for the treatment of bladder and urethra foreign bodies

1. What are the causes of the onset of bladder and urethra foreign bodies

  First, Etiology

  1、Ways and methods of foreign bodies entering the bladder

  (1)Foreign bodies enter the bladder voluntarily or by others through the urethra: Entering the bladder voluntarily or by others through the urethra is the most common type of bladder foreign body. Patients insert foreign bodies into the urethra to achieve sexual pleasure as a form of masturbation, and then they enter the bladder; some insert foreign bodies into the bladder for the purpose of abortion or contraception. Foreign bodies are also inserted into the bladder through the urethra under the influence of mental illness or alcohol intoxication; and some people insert foreign bodies into others' urethras as a prank, causing them to enter the bladder.

  (2)Iatrogenic bladder foreign bodies: Iatrogenic bladder foreign bodies are due to the introduction or retention of foreign bodies in the bladder during surgery or instrumental examination. During endoscopic examination or surgery, due to reasons such as poor instrument quality or operation, the instruments break and remain in the bladder. Long-term placement of a double 'J' tube during endoscopic surgery can lead to stone formation on the tube wall, making it impossible to remove the tube.

  (3)Foreign bodies enter the bladder through open wounds: Open bladder injury can carry in foreign bodies such as fabric, buttons, bone fragments, etc., as sequelae of war injuries.

  (4)Foreign bodies migrate into the bladder from outside the bladder: Patients have a history of firearm injury, pelvic fracture, chronic pelvic osteomyelitis, open surgical fixation of the femoral neck fracture. Foreign bodies become inflamed and adherent to the bladder wall, causing erosion and ulceration of the bladder wall, and foreign bodies enter the bladder. The intrauterine device in women also enters the bladder in this way.

  (5)Foreign bodies enter the bladder from the intestines: Foreign bodies entering the bladder from the intestines are through intestinal bladder fistula. Most of the foreign bodies are undigested food or parasites, and often present with symptoms of flatulence, caused by tumors or tuberculosis as the main reasons for fistula formation.

  2、The ways foreign bodies enter the urethra

  (1)Placed into the bladder through the urethral orifice: This is the most common route for foreign bodies to enter the bladder and urethra.

  (2)Discharged through the bladder: Some foreign bodies can be discharged from the bladder into the urethra, but are caught and cannot be expelled.

  (3)Introduced through surgery or open injury: such as unabsorbed silk thread, cotton balls used for hemostasis, metallic mesh stents placed during surgery with subsequent infection, etc.

  Second, Pathogenesis

  Foreign bodies in the bladder and urethra can directly cause mechanical stimulation and injury to the bladder and urethra, infection of the urethra and surrounding tissues, urinary obstruction, hematuria, urine leakage, calculus, bladder fistula, or urethral fistula, and other complications. Men, due to their longer urethra and two natural bends, are more prone to have foreign bodies remain in the urethra without entering the bladder. Women have a shorter and straight urethra, and foreign bodies are more likely to enter the bladder through the urethra.

 

2. What complications can foreign bodies in the bladder and urethra easily cause

  1Foreign bodies entering the bladder due to inflammation, if the time is short, only1~2Those taken out within the same day generally do not exhibit symptoms of urinary tract infection. If the time is prolonged, continuous mechanical stimulation of the bladder mucosa and the bacteria introduced may cause bladder inflammation. Bladder inflammation is the most common complication of foreign bodies in the bladder.

  2Foreign bodies in the bladder can become the core of calculi, and urinary salt crystals gradually precipitate and adhere to the foreign body, forming calculi over time.1An elderly patient with bladder calculi was found to have twisted metal wire in the calculi during X-ray filming, and the history was traced back to3Years ago, copper wire was inserted into the urethra and never removed. Another patient with a vesicovaginal fistula, the thread head sutured with chromic catgut protruding into the bladder, formed a calculus with the suture as the core after half a year.

  3Foreign bodies that perforate the bladder wall mechanically stimulate the bladder wall, and after a long time, ulcers form and penetrate the bladder into the peritoneal cavity, bladder peritoneal space, rectum, or vagina, often causing vesicovaginal fistula, perineal urethritis, peritonitis, etc. Schwartz(1931It has been reported1An example of a needle used for weaving coming out of the bladder into the peritoneal cavity, causing peritoneal inflammation.

3. What are the typical symptoms of bladder and urethra foreign bodies?

  1Medical history

  Foreign bodies in the bladder area generally have a clear history of inserting foreign bodies into the urethra. Those that remain in the urethra are urethral foreign bodies, and those that enter the bladder become bladder foreign bodies. Some patients may have a history of masturbation or mental illness; there may also be a history of surgery in the bladder area.

  2Clinical symptoms

  Symptoms vary with the nature, location, duration of retention, and complications of the foreign body. In the early stage, it may manifest as pain and urinary disorders. Patients with injury may have hematuria. Foreign bodies in the bladder can stimulate the bladder mucosa, and when complications such as infection occur, symptoms such as frequent urination, urgency, and dysuria may appear. It can also cause pyuria, and in severe cases, it may lead to perineal urethritis or perineal abscess, with systemic and local symptoms of infection. If the foreign body is located at the neck of the bladder or urethra and calculi are formed with the foreign body as the core, it can cause difficulty in urination or even urinary retention. In cases where the calculi are very large, symptoms such as urinary incontinence and upper urinary tract hydronephrosis may appear. Long-term stimulation of the foreign body can induce bladder wall cancer, and hematuria may occur. In cases of intestinal urinary fistula caused by penetrating injury, feces, food residues, and gas may be discharged during urination.

  3Physical examination

  Foreign bodies located in the anterior urethra can be seen at the urethral orifice or felt on the body surface. Foreign bodies located in the posterior urethra can occasionally be felt through the rectum. Large foreign bodies in the bladder can be felt through bimanual palpation, especially in females.

 

4. How to prevent foreign bodies in the bladder and urethra?

  Foreign bodies can enter the bladder through the urethra either spontaneously or by others. The most common type of bladder foreign body is when the patient inserts a foreign body into the urethra for sexual pleasure as a form of masturbation and then it enters the bladder; some may insert a foreign body into the bladder to achieve the purpose of abortion or contraception. Therefore, it should be avoided to insert foreign objects into the urethra during play or masturbation.

 

5. What kind of laboratory tests are needed for foreign bodies in the bladder and urethra?

  Urine examination may show pus cells and red blood cells, and the blood leukocyte count may increase in cases of concurrent infection.

  1The ultrasound examination shows the urethra and abnormal hyper-echoic images in the bladder. The KUB plain film and IVU can detect non-radioactive metal and other foreign bodies in the urinary tract. If foreign bodies remain in the bladder for too long, they can form calculi with the foreign body as the core, and the shadow of the calculi can also be shown in the KUB plain film and IVU. For those suspected of having a urinary tract gastrointestinal fistula, a gastrointestinal contrast study can be performed, showing the shadow of the fistula.

  2、Η εξέταση του ουροποιούς οργάνων μπορεί να καθορίσει σαφώς τη μορφή και τη φύση του ξένου σώματος, τις βλάβες που προκαλεί το ξένο σώμα στον ουροποιούς οργανισμό και την κλίμακα, και τα κρυστάλλια που σχηματίζονται γύρω από το ξένο σώμα.

6. Διατροφικές απαγορεύσεις για ασθενείς με ξένα σώματα του ουροποιούς οργάνων

  Είναι καλό να φάτε σέλινο, φασόλια, σπαράγγι, κουνουπίδι, σκορδολιά, αμύγδαλα, δαμάσκονα, σπόρους σιταριού, κουκουνάρι, τζιζάνια. Η διατροφή του ασθενούς πρέπει να είναι ελαφριά και εύκολα κατάποση, να φάει περισσότερα λαχανικά και φρούτα, να συνδυάζει την διατροφή, να δίνει προσοχή στη διατροφή.

7. Η συνήθης μέθοδος θεραπείας της ιατρικής για τα ξένα σώματα του ουροποιούς οργάνων

  1、Για την αφαίρεση των ξένων σωμάτων του ουροποιούς οργάνων, καθώς και τις συνήθεις μεθόδους θεραπείας της ιατρικής

  (1)Αφαίρεση ξένων σωμάτων μέσω ουροσκοπίου: Αν το ξένο σώμα είναι μικρό και σε μορφή λωρίδας, μπορεί να αφαιρεθεί με αυτόν τον τρόπο.

  (2)Αφαίρεση ξένων σωμάτων με τομή του ουροποιούς οργάνων: Αν το ξένο σώμα είναι πολύ μεγάλο και δύσκολο να αφαιρεθεί με ουροσκόπιο, θα πρέπει να γίνει τομή στο υπερώριο του ουροποιούς οργάνων για την αφαίρεση.

  (3)Χειρισμός της πέτρας του double J: Σε ορισμένες περιπτώσεις, η επιφάνεια του double J μπορεί να αναπτύξει σκληρή φακίδα, η οποία δεν μπορεί να αφαιρεθεί με ουροσκόπιο, μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί η τεχνολογία ESWL για να χτυπήσει το κεφάλι του κεφάλιου του ουροποιούς οργάνων, ώστε η πέτρα να πέσει από το τοίχωμα του ουροποιούς οργάνων, και μπορεί να αφαιρεθεί με ουροσκόπιο.

  (4)Αποτυχία του ballon του καθετήρα: Σε ορισμένες περιπτώσεις, η ποιότητα του καθετήρα μπορεί να προκαλέσει την μη αφαίρεση του υγρού στον ballon, επομένως δεν μπορεί να αφαιρεθεί ο καθετήρας. Σε αυτή την περίπτωση, υπάρχουν δύο τρόποι: ① Εισαγάγετε το σκέλος του ουροφόρου καθετήρα μέσω του μικρού οπίσθιου passage του ballon του καθετήρα, τρυπήστε το ballon για να αφαιρεθεί ο καθετήρας; ② Αν η μεθόδος ανωτέρω είναι ανεπαρκής, μπορείτε να βεβαιωθείτε με υπερηχογράφημα στη περιοχή του μυοκεφάλου για να τρυπήσετε και να抽出 το ballon του καθετήρα, ώστε να εκκενωθεί το περιεχόμενο, και ο καθετήρας μπορεί να αφαιρεθεί.

  2、Ξένα σώματα του ουροποιούς οργάνων

  (1)Για ξένα σώματα με ομαλή επιφάνεια, μπορείτε να κρατήσετε το ουροποιούς οργανισμό με το χέρι, αφήστε το ξένο σώμα να βγει απότομα κατά τη διάρκεια της έντονης ούρησης, αν είναι ανεπαρκής, μπορείτε να δοκιμάσετε να το αφαιρέσετε με το δάχτυλο ή τα χείλη.

  (2)Για ξένα σώματα που είναι σκληρά, έχουν κόκκυγα ή εμπλακούν στο τοίχωμα του ουροποιούς οργάνων, πρέπει να επιλέξετε κατάλληλη τομή για την αφαίρεση.

  (3)Αφαίρεση ξένων σωμάτων υπό την οπτική του ουροσκοπίου: Ειδικά κατάλληλο για ξένα σώματα που εισήχθησαν στο ουροποιούς οργανισμό, αν τα ξένα σώματα είναι πολύ μεγάλα ή έχουν ανεπαρκή μορφή για την αφαίρεση με ουροσκόπιο, πρέπει να προχωρήσει σε ανοιχτή χειρουργική επέμβαση για την αφαίρεση.

  3、Για τους ασθενείς που αναπτύσσουν πέτρες του ουροποιούς οργάνων λόγω συνδυασμένων παραγόντων όπως λοιμώξεις, είναι απαραίτητη η χειρουργική θεραπεία. Πριν από τη χειρουργική επέμβαση, πρέπει να χρησιμοποιηθούν αντιβιοτικά για τον έλεγχο της λοιμώξεως.

  4、Για τους ασθενείς με συνδυασμένη ουροδύναμο-μητρική ρήξη, πρέπει να αφαιρεθεί η ρήξη και να επιδιορθωθεί η ουλή κατά τη διάρκεια της χειρουργικής επέμβασης για την αφαίρεση ξένων σωμάτων.

 

 

Επικοινωνία: Νεφροπάθεια από αιμοβλαστική λευχαιμία , Η υποπαραθυρεοειδής λειτουργία που συνδέεται με την οστική φυσαλίδα φυβροκυστητίτιδα , Ασθένεια της αδύνατης βασικής μεμβράνης των νεφρικών σφαιροειδών , Προπτύξη του ουροδόχου , Η平滑肌肌肉瘤 της ουροδόχο κύστης , Η σαρκοματώδης σταφύλα της ουροδόχου κύστης

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