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Adrenal tumors

  The classification of adrenal tumors can be divided into benign tumors and malignant tumors according to their nature; divided into non-functional tumors and functional tumors according to whether they have endocrine function (such as secretion of some hormones causing hypertension); and divided into cortical tumors, medullary tumors, stromal tumors, or metastatic tumors according to the occurrence site. Adrenal tumors that require surgical intervention in clinical practice are usually functional tumors or highly suspected malignant tumors (or preoperative inability to distinguish benign and malignant).

  The adrenal gland is an important endocrine organ in the body. Due to its close relationship with the kidneys, it is traditionally classified as a urological disease. The human adrenal gland has one on the left and one on the right, located retroperitoneally, and the lateral side is closely adjacent to the upper medial side of both kidneys. The shape and size of the adrenal gland look very similar to the slightly bent end of an adult finger, and the head, body, and tail parts are also like the tip of the finger from the root to the tip. But if you look closely, the right adrenal gland is triangular, and the left adrenal gland is crescent-shaped. The former straddles the inner side of the right renal pole, and the latter hangs from the inner side of the left renal pole. The length, width, and thickness are4.0 cm to6.0 cm,2.0 cm to3.0 cm and 0.3cm to 0.6grams. The normal weight of the adrenal gland is about4.0 to5.0 grams.

  Although the adrenal gland itself is very small, the volume of the tumor it grows can vary greatly. Usually, the diameter3cm below are called small tumors, and the smallest are less than1cm, and the larger ones can reach more than30 centimeters. The shape of the tumor can be like beans, peaches, apples, honeydew melon, pillows, etc.

Table of contents

1What are the causes of adrenal tumor occurrence
2.What complications are prone to occur due to adrenal tumors
3.What are the typical symptoms of adrenal tumors
4.How to prevent adrenal tumors
5.What laboratory tests should be done for adrenal tumors
6.Dietary preferences and taboos for patients with adrenal tumors
7.Routine methods of Western medicine for the treatment of adrenal tumors

1. What are the causes of adrenal tumor occurrence

  The etiology of adrenal tumors is unclear. There are some reports that adenomas or adenocarcinomas occur on the basis of long-term chronic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and nodular hyperplasia of the adrenal glands. But so far, there is no direct relationship between ACTH stimulation and tumors. With the progress of molecular biology research, progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of occurrence and development of tumors, especially malignant tumors, from the biological study of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Among them, P53The relationship between genes and the oncogenesis of various cancers in different parts and organs of the human body has been reported extensively. But regarding the P53The research on genes is still in the initial stage, the results are quite inconsistent, and its significance is difficult to determine. P53The loss, mutation, recombination, and inactivation of genes are closely related to the occurrence and development of cancerous tumors. The conclusions of various studies differ greatly, regarding P53To relationship between gene mutation and adrenal malignant tumors and their role in the pathogenesis are all subject to further discussion and research.

2. 肾上腺肿瘤容易导致什么并发症

  肾上腺肿瘤除了一般症状外,还会引起其他疾病,本病多伴发高血压,脑卒中、心肌梗死、心力衰竭及慢性肾脏病是其主要并发症。所以一经发现,需积极治疗,平时也应做好预防措施。

3. 肾上腺肿瘤有哪些典型症状

  肾上腺皮质和髓质均可发生肿瘤,会引起内分泌功能变异者称为功能性肿瘤,不引起内分泌功能改变者称为非功能性肿瘤。主要有以下几大类:

  1、皮质醇增多症主要有慢性糖皮质激素增多导致一组临床表现:满月脸、水牛背、向心性肥胖、多毛、糖尿病倾向、性功能异常、月经紊乱、精子减少等。需要注意的是儿童约一半以上有癌肿引起,女性男性化或男性女性化表现明显,也提示癌肿可能性大。

  2、原发性醛固酮增多症血压逐渐升高,降压效果不佳,并有低血钾和碱中毒表现(肌肉无力、肌麻痹、心律失常、手足搐搦、痛性肌痉挛等)。

  3、肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤大量释放肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素,这些物质可以引起血管收缩、心跳增快,从而引起阵发性高血压,并伴有剧烈头痛,皮肤苍白尤其是脸色苍白,心跳过快,四肢及头部有震颤,出汗,无力,有时可有胸闷气急,恶心呕吐。

  4、非功能性肿瘤包括转移瘤、血肿、囊肿等。

4. 肾上腺肿瘤应该如何预防

  预防肾上腺肿瘤,在平常生活中应注意:

  1、加强体育锻炼,增强体质,多在阳光下运动,多出汗可将体内酸性物质随汗液排出体外,避免形成酸性体质。

  2、有良好的心态应对压力,劳逸结合,不要过度疲劳。可见压力是重要的癌症诱因,中医认为压力导致过劳体虚从而引起免疫功能下降、内分泌失调,体内代谢紊乱,导致体内酸性物质的沉积;压力也可导致精神紧张引起气滞血淤、毒火内陷等。

  3、不要过多地吃咸而辣的食物,不吃过热、过冷、过期及变质的食物;年老体弱或有某种疾病遗传基因者酌情吃一些防癌食品和含碱量高的碱性食品。

  4、保持良好的精神状态养成良好的生活习惯,戒烟限酒。烟和酒是极酸的酸性物质,长期吸烟喝酒的人,极易导致酸性体质。发现疾病及时治疗是关键。

5. 肾上腺肿瘤需要做哪些化验检查

  肾上腺肿瘤包括皮质醇症和醛固酮症,其检查项目分别如下:

  一、皮质醇症

  需经B超、CT或MRI检查肾上腺肿瘤的大小、性质及其与周围结构的关系,以及颅骨蝶鞍部位的X线正侧位摄片、断层和三维蝶鞍部位的X线正侧位摄片、断层和三维蝶鞍摄片以及CT扫描,磁共振成像诊断垂体腺瘤或微腺瘤的存在与否。

  二、醛固酮症

  1、测血浆钾、钠浓度和24小时尿钾排出量。低血钾为自发性或易促发者,或低血钾并存者,应高度怀疑本病。

  2、测血浆或24小时尿醛固酮浓度和血浆肾素活性。本病可见站立位于血浆肾素活性低于2.46molL/h,站立位血浆醛固酮浓度与血浆肾素活性比值>20。

  3、醛固酮抑制试验阴性。原醛症的醛固酮分泌为自主性的,这可排除原发性高血压和继发性醛固酮症。

  4、糖皮质激素分泌和排出最正常。

  5、口服氯化钠抑制试验:血浆醛固酮水平在554pmll/L以上,尿醛固酮值38.8nmol/24h以上,尿钠排出量超过200μmol/24,可确诊为原醛症。

6. 肾上腺肿瘤病人的饮食宜忌

  肾上腺肿瘤患者饮食保健在于维护肾上腺的功能良好,主要需注意3个方面的问题:

  1、补充营养:多喝牛奶。补充维生素D、B族维生素、维生素C、胡萝卜素等营养素,都能减轻肾上腺肿瘤病症。此外,菊花属植物能增加白血球数目及保证组织抵抗细菌侵入;人参有助肾上腺对付紧张的情况。

  2、避免使用酒精:避免使用酒精、咖啡因、烟草,这些物质对肾上腺及其它腺体具有高度的毒性。也避免脂肪、油炸食物、火腿、猪肉、高度加工食品、汽水、糖及白麦粉等食品。

7. 西医治疗肾上腺肿瘤的常规方法

  目前腹腔镜手术已成为治疗肾上腺肿瘤的最常用方式。其优点显而易见,一是微创,即皮肤上仅需几个直径1cm的小孔即可完成肿瘤的切除,术后恢复很快,而传统开放手术的切口动辄十余厘米,使患者术后恢复慢,影响美观;二是清晰,由于腹腔镜的放大作用,使位置很深的肾上腺近在眼前,实现了开放手术所无法匹敌的清晰视野,再加之配套先进切割、分离器械的使用,使手术解剖相当精细,出血极少。

Επικοινωνία: Ο όγκος του πνεύματος , ουρητηριακή διάσχιση , Καρκίνος του νεφρού , Το συνδρόμο Fanconi , Η σοβαρότητα , Acute progressive glomerulonephritis

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