Sterilization

　　Artificially blocking the channel for sperm and egg to meet achieves the purpose of permanent contraception. Such methods are called 'sterilization'. Sterilization can be divided into female sterilization and male sterilization.

　　In humans, preventive sterilization surgery carried out solely for contraception is known as tubal ligation. The advantage is that when hoping to become pregnant or at the planned time for life planning, it is possible to achieve the goal through vasectomy and tubal reversal surgery.

　　Another type of preventive sterilization surgery is the removal of the uterus and ovaries, as well as the removal of the testicles. This method is irreversible, and once performed, it is impossible to regain the possibility of pregnancy. Therefore, unless it is due to tumors and other issues, humans generally do not choose this method for sterilization surgery.

　　1, Complications during Surgery

　　(1) Bladder Injury: Due to failure to empty the bladder before surgery, or during postpartum, after artificial abortion, or during lactation ligation, low abdominal incision due to poor technical level, unfamiliarity with anatomy, or insufficient responsibility, or due to factors such as rough handling.

　　(2) Intestinal Injury: Due to insufficient attention to the separation of the peritoneum during surgery, the intestinal wall and peritoneum are clamped together. Direct injury to the intestinal tract or rough operation when searching for the fallopian tube. Or due to adhesions between the intestinal wall and peritoneum, or between the uterus and its appendages, the intestinal tract is inadvertently injured during separation.

　　(3) Rupture of the Tubal Mesentery: Due to rough operation, or excessive retraction when searching for the fallopian tube, causing the mesentery to rupture, and requiring salpingectomy.

　　(4) Hemorrhage: Refers to bleeding caused by accidental injury to the ovary, uterine wall, omentum, or abdominal wound bleeding due to poor hemostasis, or bleeding or hematoma caused by injury to the vascular mesentery of the fallopian tube.

　　(5) Other complications include unsuccessful ligation, anesthetic accidents, or adverse effects of incorrect medication on patient health.

　　2, Short-term Complications after Surgery

　　(1) Infection: Due to imperfect aseptic operation, or inappropriate indication selection; or tissue damage during surgery, followed by hematoma formation and secondary infection. The retention of gauze or other foreign bodies during surgery can lead to uncontrollable infection. Infection can manifest as wound infection, salpingitis, parametritis, pelvic inflammation, even pelvic abscess, sepsis, infectious shock, and other infections.

　　(2) Hemorrhage and Hematoma: Including hematoma at the wound, within the fallopian tube mesentery, or extending to the retroperitoneal hematoma. Or due to vascular injury during surgery, uncontrolled bleeding due to failure to stop bleeding in time. Infection can manifest as wound infection, salpingitis, parametritis, pelvic inflammation, even pelvic abscess, sepsis, infectious shock, and other infections.

　　3, Long-term Complications after Tubal Ligation

　　(1) Chronic Pelvic Inflammation: Refers to the absence of inflammatory disease of the reproductive tract before sterilization surgery due to infection caused by surgery; inflammation occurred in the short term (within 3 months) after surgery, symptoms persist due to incomplete treatment, or recurrent attacks; with positive signs in gynecological examination.

　　(2) Intestinal Adhesions and Omentum Adhesions: During tubal ligation, there is no inflammatory disease of the reproductive tract or intra-abdominal adhesions, and no other abdominal surgery has been performed. Adhesions occurred after the ligation operation and caused a series of symptoms; such as typical symptoms of intestinal obstruction (partial or complete) in clinical practice, or confirmed by X-ray examination, or typical fixed-site traction pain when examining the abdominal wound, can be diagnosed. If adhesions are accompanied by intestinal dysfunction, presenting symptoms such as intestinal bloating, irregular diarrhea, constipation, and local spastic pain, it should be differentiated from simple intestinal dysfunction.

　　(3) Abnormal Menstruation: Refers to normal menstruation before surgery. Abnormalities in menstrual cycle, duration, and amount occur within 3 menstrual cycles after surgery, persisting for more than 3 cycles and affecting health and labor.

　　(4) Neurosis: Directly caused by non-surgical factors, extremely few patients have a history of neurosis before surgery. Due to insufficient mental preparation before surgery, concerns about the operation, or due to the roughness of the operation, poor anesthetic effect, or due to the speech and actions of medical personnel not conforming to protective medical care, or due to various reasons such as the failure to handle symptoms in a timely manner, a series of mental and neurological symptoms may occur in patients after surgery, such as increased sensitivity, mental tension, and anxiety.

　　(5) Other: There may be incision hernia after tubal ligation, abdominal wall endometriosis after small cesarean section, ectopic pregnancy after sterilization surgery, and complications caused by reoperation due to complications.

　　Health is one of the topics we are concerned about every moment, having a healthy body is equal to having half of the wealth, so understanding the causes of sterilization can help us better prevent the intrusion of diseases, protect ourselves and those we care about, and also help us to quickly get out of the misunderstandings about some causes and receive correct treatment and care as soon as possible. Sterilization can be divided into female sterilization and male sterilization. Due to the different structures of the reproductive organs of men and women, the symptoms after female sterilization and male sterilization are different.

　　After female sterilization surgery, a few women may experience pain at the incision site or in the lower abdomen, menstrual irregularities, dysmenorrhea, and other symptoms, which generally do not require special treatment. If the symptoms are severe or other reactions occur, medical consultation and guidance should be sought. Women who undergo sterilization should receive one follow-up visit each at 1-2 days, 3, and 12 months after surgery, and then once a year until menopause.

　　After male sterilization surgery, a few men may experience pain at the incision or ligation site, subcutaneous ecchymosis of the penis, etc., which generally do not require special treatment and will gradually subside. If there is significant pain after sexual intercourse or other symptoms appear, medical consultation and treatment should be sought. Male sterilization patients should receive one follow-up visit each at 1-2 weeks, 2, 3, and 6 months after surgery, and still need to take contraceptive measures within half a year to prevent residual sperm from causing pregnancy.

　　1. Do a good job of preoperative health education:Many people who undergo sterilization surgery are mostly from remote mountainous areas, with low educational levels, outdated and backward reproductive concepts, and a lack of understanding of sterilization surgery, and insufficient psychological preparation. Therefore, before surgery, it is necessary to vigorously promote family planning policies, regulations, and knowledge of contraception and family planning through methods such as family planning knowledge lectures, distribution of family planning propaganda materials, or face-to-face interpersonal communication, so that they can make informed choices about contraception and family planning to the maximum extent, improve their understanding, alleviate their tension and psychological pressure, and make full psychological preparation before surgery. Change the emergency surgery method to a voluntary elective surgery, and protect the physical and mental health of the subjects.

　　2. Laparoscopic examination:Through laparoscopic examination, it can be seen that some patients have varying degrees of changes in the pelvic area, indicating that laparoscopic examination can make an accurate diagnosis and guide clinical treatment. For those without pathological changes, after patient education, some cases show symptom relief, showing that laparoscopic examination itself can also play a role in psychological treatment.

　　3. Proper selection of surgery time and ligation method:The timing of tubal ligation surgery, although it can be performed at any time after childbirth or during the menstrual cycle, clinical observations show that: those who undergo surgery during the menstrual period, before the menstrual period, after childbirth, or after abortion, due to the congestion of the fallopian tubes, the fullness and swelling of blood vessels, the fragile blood vessel walls, and the rich blood supply, are prone to damage to the mesenteric blood vessels.

　　One, Blood routine Blood routine examination is one of the most basic laboratory tests in clinical practice. The items of blood routine examination include the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, and platelets. Blood routine is collected by needle puncture of finger blood or earlobe terminal blood, diluted, and then dropped into a special counting plate, and then placed under a microscope to count the number of blood cells. The commonly used symbols on the blood routine test report are: RBC for red blood cells, WBC for white blood cells, Hb for hemoglobin (blood pigment), and PLT for platelets.

　　Two, Urine routine Urine routine is an indispensable preliminary examination in clinical practice. Many early kidney diseases can appear proteinuria or formed elements in the urine sediment. Once an abnormality in urine is found, it is often the first sign of kidney or urinary tract disease, and it is also often an important clue to provide an understanding of the nature of the pathological process.

　　Three, Blood coagulation four tests The four tests of coagulation include:

　　(1) Plasma prothrombin time (PT) and its derived international normalized ratio (INR);

　　(2) Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT);

　　(3) Thrombin time (TT);

　　(4) Plasma fibrinogen (Fbg).

　　Four, AIDS, syphilis, B hepatitis, C hepatitis.

　　What kind of food is good for infertile patients? Experts suggest that the diet should be light and healthy, with attention to hygiene and a reasonable dietary combination. The following are dietary suggestions for infertile patients.

　　1, Chinese cabbage:It has the effects of diuresis, detumescence, detoxification, and sobering up. Long-term consumption of Chinese cabbage can inhibit the secretion of sex hormones.

　　2, Winter melon:Regular consumption of winter melon can clear the heart heat, reduce desire fire, and eliminate symptoms of mania.

　　3, Lotus seed core:Lotus seed core has the effect of clearing the heart and reducing fire, which can lead to low libido in men.

　　4, Bamboo shoots:Bamboo shoots contain a large amount of oxalic acid, which can affect the absorption and utilization of calcium and zinc in the human body. Deficiency of zinc can lead to decreased libido and sexual dysfunction.

　　5, Water chestnut:It can calm the desires of both men and women. 'The Materia Medica of Food Therapy' points out: 'All fruits in water, this substance is the most cold, refrigerating the body, damaging the Yang, and causing the jing to wither and decline.

　　6, Carrot:The consumption of carrots must be moderate; if excessive, the substance called 'alliin' in carrots will expel hemoglobin from red blood cells in the blood, causing anemia and physical fatigue.

　　7, Celery:Celery has the effect of inhibiting sperm production, leading to a decrease in sperm count and impotence.

　　8, Shark fin:Research has found that the amount of mercury or other heavy metals in shark fin is much higher than that in other fish. In addition to possibly causing male infertility, excessive mercury content in the human body can also damage the central nervous system and kidneys.

　　9, Alcohol:Alcohol can lead to decreased male libido, impotence, ejaculation disorders, and testicular atrophy.

　　10, Tobacco:Excessive smoking can cause poor penile blood circulation, affecting penile erection and causing sperm deformation. 1, Chinese cabbage: It has the effects of diuresis, detumescence, detoxification, and sobering up. Long-term consumption of Chinese cabbage can inhibit the secretion of sex hormones.

　　Sterilization surgery can have many different approaches according to different classification methods.

　　I. According to the method of surgery:

　　1. Abdominal: there are two methods, one is to perform various sterilization surgeries through a small incision in the lower abdomen; the other is to perform various sterilization surgeries under laparoscopy, and the former method is still the most widely used in China.

　　2. Vaginal: incise the fornix to perform tubal ligation surgery, this method is now rarely used; another method is to inject medication into both fallopian tubes through a catheter inserted into the uterine cavity through the vagina to achieve the purpose of sterilization.

　　II. According to different methods of tubal occlusion:

　　1. Tubal ligation.

　　2. Tubal chemical drug occlusion or occlusion techniques.

　　3. Various tubal clips and tubal internal occluders.

　　III. According to reversibility or not, they are divided into:

　　1. Reversible female sterilization methods with hope: various tubal clips; tubal occlusion techniques; ovarian displacement and embedding techniques; tubal embedding outside the peritoneum, tubal ostium embedding techniques, tubal embedding with silver clip blocking techniques.

　　2. Irreversible female sterilization methods - various tubal ligation methods, tubal occlusion techniques, laparoscopic tubal electrocoagulation.

　　IV. According to the different methods of tubal ligation, they are divided into:

　　1. Core embedding near the proximal end method

　　2. Salpingal appendage ligation and excision method

　　3. Bilateral salpingectomy ligation method

　　4. Salpingectomy

　　5. Tubal crush ligation method

　　6. Salpingectomy and ligation of the isthmus of the fallopian tube

　　V. Special Sterilization Methods:

　　Radiation sterilization, this method adopts deep X-ray external irradiation or radioactive isotope intrauterine radiation, which can destroy the ovarian function to achieve the purpose of sterilization and is called radiation sterilization. This method is not suitable for healthy women, and is occasionally used for patients with breast cancer and gastrointestinal cancer who have not undergone oophorectomy, as radiation can not only treat diseases, suppress the metastasis and recurrence of tumors, but also achieve the purpose of sterilization. This method is also occasionally used for patients with severe functional uterine bleeding, who are ineffective to drug treatment and insist on not undergoing surgery, and radiotherapy sterilization can also be considered. Considering the adverse radiation reaction of radiation to the human body, this method is generally not used for sterilization except in very special circumstances.