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Human enterocyte lesioning virus infection

  At the beginning of the 1950s, during the process of applying tissue culture to isolate enteroviruses, some strains were isolated from the intestines of healthy people, which were non-pathogenic to experimental animals, only causing cytopathic effects in tissue culture and were called human enterocyte lesioning virus, abbreviated as Echovirus.

Table of Contents

1. What are the causes of human enterocyte lesioning virus infection?
2. What complications are easily caused by human enterocyte lesioning virus infection?
3. What are the typical symptoms of human enterocyte lesioning virus infection?
4. How to prevent human enterocyte lesioning virus infection?
5. What laboratory tests need to be done for human enterocyte lesioning virus infection?
6. Diet taboos for patients with human enterocyte lesioning virus infection
7. Conventional methods of Western medicine for the treatment of human enterocyte lesioning virus infection

1. What are the causes of human enterocyte lesioning virus infection?

  1. Etiology

  Echoviruses belong to a subgenus of the Enterovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family, with morphological and physical and chemical properties similar to poliovirus and Coxsackie virus. Because types 1 and 8 have the same antigenicity, type 10 has been classified into the Reovirus, type 28 into the Rhinovirus, and type 34 is a variant of Coxsackie A24 virus. Therefore, Echoviruses have been reclassified from the original 34 serotypes to 30 serotypes. There are cross-immune reactions between different types. Fourteen types of Echoviruses can agglutinate human O-type red blood cells, so they can be distinguished by the hemagglutination inhibition test. It has now been confirmed that not all Echoviruses are non-pathogenic to animals, such as some Echoviruses can cause polio in monkeys, and Echovirus 9 can cause infection in newborn mice.

  Although most Echoviruses can grow in monkey kidney cells, a considerable number of serotypes grow better in human tissue cell cultures.

  2. Pathogenesis

  It is basically the same as Coxsackie virus infection, but it has a focus on different organs, with central nervous system infection being the most common, followed by respiratory tract infection. In the comprehensive report of the World Health Organization from 1967 to 1974, 56% of human enterocyte lesioning virus infections invaded the central nervous system (mainly meningitis), with Echoviruses 4, 6, 9, and 30 being particularly common, accounting for 81%, 63%, 68%, and 83% respectively. In infections with Echoviruses 1, 11, 13, and 22, 25% were related to respiratory tract infections.

2. What complications are easily caused by human enterocyte lesioning virus infection?

  Complications may include enteritis, myocarditis, interstitial pneumonia, acute radicular neuritis of the spinal cord, respiratory paralysis, and others.

  1. Enteritis:It is inflammation of the gastric mucosa and intestinal mucosa, caused by food poisoning. Symptoms include: severe vomiting and diarrhea, often accompanied by abdominal cramps and colic pain, fever, and sweating. It is divided into acute gastroenteritis and chronic gastroenteritis.

  2.Myocarditis:It refers to the localized or diffuse inflammation of the myocardium caused by various reasons, although some myocarditis may transition to congestive or restrictive cardiomyopathy at the end stage and be considered secondary cardiomyopathy by some scholars.

  3.Interstitial lung disease:It is a general term for a clinical-pathological entity consisting of a group of different diseases with pathologic changes such as diffuse pulmonary parenchyma, alveolitis, and interstitial fibrosis, with clinical manifestations such as dyspnea, diffuse shadows on chest X-rays, restrictive ventilation impairment, decreased diffusion function (DLCO), and hypoxemia.

3. What are the typical symptoms of human enterocyte pathogenic orphan virus infection

  One.无菌性脑膜炎

  It is the most common central nervous system disease, except for Echovirus types 24, 26, 29, and 32, which can cause meningitis, with the course of the disease generally 7-10 days, with types 4, 6, 9, 11, 16, and 30 being the most common. It can cause sporadic outbreaks as well as outbreaks, and Echovirus types 2-7, 11, 14-19, 25, 30, 31, and 33 have been isolated from cerebrospinal fluid or other extraintestinal sources.

  Two. Encephalitis

  Echovirus types 2-4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 18, 19, and 30 can cause encephalitis symptoms similar to Japanese encephalitis, with types 6 and 9 being the most common, among which types 2, 6, 9, 17, and 19 have been isolated from cerebrospinal fluid or other extraintestinal sources.

  Three. Paralytic disease

  Echovirus types 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 18, 19, and 30 can cause paralysis-like diseases similar to poliomyelitis, but with milder muscle paralysis and faster and complete recovery. Types 4, 6, 9, 11, 16, 19, and 30 have been isolated from cerebrospinal fluid or other extraintestinal sources.

  Four. Eruptive fever

  Echovirus is the main pathogen causing eruptive fever, the pathogenesis of rashes is not yet clear, and there have been no reports of isolating the virus from maculopapular eruptions and petechiae, so it is not clear whether the rash is caused by the virus itself or by the immune mechanism. Currently, diagnosis mainly relies on isolating the virus from vesicles, blood, feces, or pharyngeal secretions.

  Enteroviral rashes can serve as a marker for the spread of Echovirus in the population, and due to their similarity to important eruptive infectious diseases, they require differentiation and can be classified according to the simulated diseases.

  1. Rubella or measles-like rash:The Echovirus 9 is the most common virus associated with rubella-like rash, presenting as small maculopapular eruptions, prevalent in summer, characterized by the appearance of rashes concurrent with fever, initially occurring on the face (in all cases), then spreading to the neck (75%), chest (64%), and limbs (56%), with a large number of pink spots with a diameter of 1-3mm, not itchy or scaly, extremely similar to rubella. Echovirus types 2, 4, 11, 19, and 25 have also caused multiple small outbreaks.

  2, Roseola rash:The characteristic of the rash caused by enterovirus 16 is not in its appearance, but in its timing. This rash appears after the fever subsides, usually with a body temperature of 38 to 39 degrees Celsius, lasting for 24 to 36 hours, and after the fever subsides, sparse, non-itchy, pink macules and papules appear, with a diameter of 0.5 to 1.5 mm, which occur first on the face and upper chest, and are less common in the limbs. The rash resolves within 1 to 5 days, and the onset time of the rash is not fixed. Rashes caused by enterovirus 16 can also appear simultaneously with fever, and enteroviruses 11 and 15 can also cause similar clinical manifestations.

  3, Herpetic rash:Enterovirus 11 can cause systemic herpes-like rashes, in addition to the characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease, the rash appears in batches on the head, trunk, and limbs, does not develop into pustules, nor scab, and can occur in immunosuppressed adults. In addition, there have been reports that enterovirus 6 can cause rashes similar to herpes zoster, and the virus was isolated from vesicles.

  4, Petechial rash and other skin manifestations:Enterovirus 9 can cause petechiae and ecchymosis, and it is easy to be confused with epidemic meningitis, especially when aseptic meningitis is present at the same time.

  Five, Acute Gastroenteritis

  Many enteroviruses, especially types 11, 18, 22, and 1, 3, 6, 9, 14, 19, can cause acute gastroenteritis in children, characterized by fatigue and diarrhea, watery stools, with chills, vomiting, abdominal pain, and myalgia occurring 24 hours later. Fever may occur within 48 hours, stools are loose and watery, yellow or yellow-green, with a small amount of mucus, and occasionally with blood. The frequency of defecation varies from 5 to 6 times a day to more than 10 times. Clinically, dehydration symptoms are generally not present, and recovery is rapid within 48 hours. Only a few children may have severe symptoms, such as dehydration and acidosis. Viruses can be isolated from oropharyngeal washings, blood, and stool, but the排毒 time is usually short (not exceeding 36 hours).

  Six, Respiratory Infection

  Enteroviruses 4, 7, 20, and 25 can cause outbreaks of influenza-like diseases, type 19 and 20 can cause pneumonia in children, and type 9 can cause bronchopneumonia in adults.

  Seven, Myocarditis and Pericarditis

  Enteroviruses 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 14, 19, 22, 25, and 30 can all cause acute myocarditis and pericarditis.

  Eight, Epidemic Pleurisy

  It can be caused by enteroviruses 6, 9, 25 to 32.

  Nine, Non-specific Fever

  It can be caused by enteroviruses from type 1 to 8, 11 to 34.

  Ten, Chronic Meningitis and Encephalitis Occurring in Patients with Agammaglobulinemia and Other Immunosuppressed Patients

  In patients with agammaglobulinemia, enteroviruses can cause persistent, even fatal infections of the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and skeletal muscles.

  Eleven, Others

  Enterovirus 4, 9 can cause hepatitis, and type 9 can also cause orchitis; enterovirus 4, 9, 16, and 20 can cause lymphadenitis.

4. How to prevent human orphan virus infection causing intestinal cell lesions

  Similar to coxsackievirus infection, there is currently no vaccine.

  The focus is on nurseries and delivery rooms; Pay special attention to pregnant women. If they have intestinal viral diseases, it poses a great threat to newborns. Mainly protect infants and young children.

  Develop good living and hygiene habits:

  1. Boil tap water before drinking.

  2. Avoid swimming in polluted water.

  3. Wear a mask when contacting patients.

  4. During the epidemic period, reduce group activities and strengthen air disinfection.

5. What laboratory tests need to be done for human orphan virus infection causing intestinal cell lesions

  1. Virus isolation

  Most echoviruses can be isolated by monkey kidney cell culture, and the effect is better if human embryo lung cell line W1-38 is added.

  2. Serological examination

  The titer of serum antibodies in the convalescent period is 4 times higher than that in the acute period, which has diagnostic value. Neutralization test is the most commonly used method for virus identification, and some serotypes such as 3, 6, 7, 11-15, 19-21, 24, 29 can be diagnosed by hemagglutination inhibition test. Detection of viral RNA by polymerase chain reaction is a rapid and sensitive method.

  In patients with pneumonia, abnormal changes can be seen on chest X-ray.

6. Dietary taboos for patients with human orphan virus infection causing intestinal cell lesions

  Pay attention to pregnant women. If they have intestinal viral diseases, it poses a great threat to newborns. Mainly protect infants and young children. Develop good living and hygiene habits: Boil tap water before drinking; Avoid swimming in polluted water. Wear a mask when contacting patients; During the epidemic period, reduce group activities and strengthen air disinfection. The diet should mainly be liquid food, drink plenty of water, rest adequately, and perform timely blood routine and stool routine checks.

7. Routine methods for treating human orphan virus infection causing intestinal cell lesions in Western medicine

  1. Treatment

  There is currently no specific treatment, and mainly对症和支持疗法 are adopted. Intravenous injection of human blood gamma globulin may be effective for severe infections in newborns, and diarrhea in infants and young children may also lead to dehydration and acidosis, so intravenous fluid therapy should be given according to circumstances.

  2. Prognosis

  Generally, the prognosis is good except for those who invade the central nervous system, complete recovery is rare, and sequelae are even rarer.

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