Non-specific urethritis

　　1. Etiology

　　It has been confirmed that at least two pathogenic microorganisms are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, namely Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Some other microorganisms have also been found to be related to the disease.

　　The disease may also be caused by some non-sexually transmitted etiologies. Bacterial urethritis can be secondary to upper urinary tract infection, bacterial prostatitis, urethral stricture, phimosis, and urethral catheterization. In addition, congenital malformations, chemical irritation, tumors, and certain allergic factors can also cause urethritis. Systemic diseases such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome may cause urethritis. There is no evidence to suggest that masturbation, drinking coffee, alcoholism, certain foods, insufficient or excessive sexual activity can cause urethritis.

　　History: Diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis were discovered by ancient people. The first isolation of chlamydia from the genital tract was in 1959, by Jones, Collier, and Smith, who discovered Chlamydia trachomatis in the cervix of a mother of an infant with conjunctivitis. In 1964, chlamydia was first isolated from the urethra of a man with a relationship to epidemic conjunctivitis.

　　Etiology: Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common pathogen causing NGU, followed by mycoplasma, Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, and herpes simplex virus, etc.

　　According to reports from the US CDC, 25% to 55% of cases of NGU are caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (Chlamydiatrochomatis, Ct), 20% to 40% by Ureaplasma urealyticum (Ureaplasmaurealyticum, Uu), 2% to 5% by Trichomonas vaginalis, and herpes simplex virus occasionally causes NGU. A few cases have not yet been determined as to the cause.

　　1. ChlamydiaeChlamydiae are widely parasitic in humans, mammals, and birds, with only a few pathogenic species, including Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis), Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae), and Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) that cause human diseases.

　　Chlamydia trachomatis contains 4 biovars (biovars), which may be different microorganisms. The mouse and porcine subtypes have not been found to infect humans. The third biovar is the biovar that causes lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), namely the LGV type. The fourth biovar (trachoma type) mainly causes reproductive tract infections and trachoma.

　　The Chlamydia trachomatis biovar can be divided into 12 serovars (serovars) from A to K, of which A, B, Ba, and C serovars cause trachoma, and D to K serovars cause urinary and reproductive system infections.

　　LGV can be divided into three serotypes: L1, L2, and L3, causing lymphogranuloma venereum.

　　Chlamydia grows and reproduces intracellularly, has a unique developmental cycle, and can be observed with two different granular structures: one is the initial body (replicative form), which is round or oval; the other is the elementary body (infective form), which is spherical. Each developmental cycle takes about 40 hours.

　　Chlamydia is sensitive to heat, and can only survive for 5-10 minutes at 56-60℃, but can be preserved for several years at -70℃. 0.1% formaldehyde or 0.5% phenol (carbolic acid) can kill chlamydia in a short period of time, and 75% ethanol can kill chlamydia within half a minute.

　　2. MycoplasmaMycoplasma (Mycoplasma) is widely distributed in nature, with more than 80 species. The mycoplasmas related to humans include Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M.pneumonie, Mp), Mycoplasma hominis (Mh), Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu), and Mycoplasma genitalium (M.genitalium, Mg). The former causes pneumonia, and the latter causes urinary and reproductive system infections.

　　Mycoplasma is a type of prokaryotic microorganism belonging to the class of Mollisia, which can pass through bacterial filters, has no cell wall and precursor, and has a polymorphic morphology. It is the smallest microorganism known to be able to grow and reproduce in a non-living culture medium. Mycoplasma is 0.2-2.3mm in size, rarely exceeding 1.0mm. Mycoplasma reproduces by binary fission, has a variety of shapes, and is basically spherical and filamentous. Mycoplasma can grow on the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken embryos or in cell culture. The nutritional requirements of the culture medium are higher than those of bacteria.

　　Mycoplasma genitalium is a newly discovered mycoplasma, first isolated from urethral specimens of two patients with non-gonococcal urethritis by Tully et al. in 1981. There is evidence that Mycoplasma genitalium is one of the pathogens causing urinary and reproductive tract infections, with sexually transmitted characteristics, and the urinary and reproductive tracts may be the primary sites of colonization or infection by Mycoplasma genitalium. Due to the slow growth, complex nutrient requirements, and the difficulty of isolation from clinical specimens, Mycoplasma genitalium is very difficult to isolate. Currently, the detection of Mycoplasma genitalium is mainly carried out by PCR methods.

　　Mycoplasmas have heat resistance similar to bacteria, but some mycoplasmas have poor resistance, such as being killed at 45°C within 15-30 minutes or at 55°C within 5-15 minutes, and they are easily killed by phenol or Lysol. Mycoplasmas can survive for a month at 37°C when sealed with paraffin in a sugar-free culture medium. They can be preserved for a long time at low temperature or freeze-drying.

　　II. Pathogenesis

　　The pathogenesis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection is still unclear. The disease process and clinical manifestations of chlamydial infection may be a comprehensive effect of tissue damage caused by chlamydial replication, inflammatory reactions caused by chlamydia, and necrotic substances produced by host cell destruction. Chlamydial infection causes a large number of immune responses (manifested as circulatory antibodies and cell-mediated reactions), and there is evidence that some chlamydial diseases are caused by allergic reactions, or they are immunopathological diseases. The sensitizing antigen has been identified as HSP60 class heat shock protein (heatshock proteins).

　　Most chlamydial infections only infect a relatively small number of cells in the affected area. Since each inclusion releases a large number of viable elementary bodies each time, and the number of infected cells nearby is relatively small, there must be a control mechanism with limited infectivity. This mechanism is not fully understood, but T cell function seems to be very important. It has been found that lymphokines have inhibitory effects on chlamydia. Chlamydia trachomatis is sensitive to alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, with gamma interferon being more important. Gamma interferon seems to be able to extend the developmental cycle, allowing reticulate bodies to exist for a longer time. This may cause persistent asymptomatic infection and may play a role in immunopathology.

　　The significant effect of gamma interferon may be the control of infection rather than the protection of new infections. Therefore, it may be related to the clearance of infection. Neutralizing antibodies may also play a role, but the mechanism of action of neutralizing antibodies also needs to be clarified. Antibodies can neutralize the infectivity of chlamydia in cell culture. Antibodies can inhibit the attachment of chlamydia to the surface of non-professional phagocytes, or prevent it from inhibiting the fusion of phagolysosomes, or prevent the morphological transformation of elementary bodies and reticulate bodies through cross-linking surface proteins.

　　Mycoplasmas do not invade tissues and blood, but can only adhere to the receptors on the epithelial cells of the respiratory and urogenital tracts. After mycoplasmas adhere, they can further cause cell damage, manifested as:

　　1. Adhering to the surface of the host cell and absorbing nutrients from the cell, obtaining lipids and cholesterol from the cell membrane, causing cell damage.

　　2. Mycoplasmas release toxic metabolic products, such as the solenomyces mycoplasma can produce neurotoxins, causing damage to the cell membrane; the ureaplasma mycoplasma has urease, which can hydrolyze urea to produce a large amount of ammonia, which is toxic to cells. In addition, mycoplasmas can also adhere to the surface of red blood cells, macrophages, and sperm. After the ureaplasma mycoplasma adheres to the surface of sperm, it can hinder sperm movement, and the neuraminidase-like substances it produces can interfere with the binding of sperm and eggs, causing infertility and sterility.

　　(1) The role of chlamydia in urogenital diseases: 35% to 50% of NGU are caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydial urethritis is more common than gonococcal urethritis, and if there are symptoms, they are also usually mild.

　　In young men who are sexually active, more than 70% of acute epididymitis is caused by chlamydial infection. While patients with epididymitis over 35 years old are generally infected with Gram-negative bacteria, and have a history of urinary system diseases or instrumental operations.

　　The role of Chlamydia trachomatis in non-bacterial prostatitis is still controversial. In general, it is still not possible to draw a definite conclusion on the role of Chlamydia trachomatis in non-bacterial prostatitis. Further research needs to have a strict case definition (including the number of cells in the prostatic secretion), routine histological examination, immunohistochemical examination of biopsy tissue, serological examination, sensitive molecular detection techniques (such as PCR or in situ DNA hybridization method to check for Chlamydia in the prostate), and the evaluation of treatment.

　　Reiter's syndrome (urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis, and typical skin and mucosal lesions) and reactive tenosynovitis or arthritis without other Reiter's syndrome manifestations have been found to be related to chlamydial genital infection. Examination of untreated typical Reiter's syndrome men using微量immunofluorescence (micro-IF) antibody determination method found that more than 80% had or simultaneously infected Chlamydia trachomatis. Reiter's syndrome is also found more often in patients with HLA-B27 haplotype. The Class I HLA-B27 haplotype seems to increase the incidence of Reiter's syndrome by 10 times. Among patients with this syndrome, 60% to 70% are HLA-B27 positive.

　　Chlamydia trachomatis can cause cervicitis and endometritis. Like gonococci, Chlamydia trachomatis can also cause infection of the vestibular gland duct.

　　The proportion of chlamydial infection in acute salpingitis varies by region and study population. A study of women with salpingitis confirmed by laparoscopy and endometritis confirmed by histological examination in Seattle showed that 80% to 90% had chlamydial or gonococcal infection, and the proportions of chlamydial and gonococcal infections were almost equal. Many patients with chlamydial salpingitis, despite the disease progressing to salpingal scarring and infertility, have no symptoms or very mild symptoms. Therefore, it is called chlamydial

　　Since Fitz-Hugh and Curtis first reported peritonitis (Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome), peritonitis occurring simultaneously or after salpingitis has been considered a complication of gonococcal infection. However, studies in the past 15 years have suggested that the relationship between chlamydial infection and peritonitis may be more closely related than that of gonococcal infection. Young women who are sexually active and experience upper abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and vomiting should consider the possibility of peritonitis.

　　(2) The role of mycoplasma in urogenital tract diseases: The role of mycoplasma in non-gonococcal urethritis is still controversial. According to the results of culture and isolation studies, it does not indicate that Mycoplasma hominis may cause non-gonococcal urethritis. The clinical response to various antibacterial drugs also does not support the relationship between this mycoplasma and non-gonococcal urethritis.

　　As for Ureaplasma, the current data supports that Ureaplasma can cause non-gonococcal urethritis in a few cases, although it is not clear how many patients can be detected with Ureaplasma as the cause. The detection of Ureaplasma in the urethra of male patients with non-gonococcal urethritis does not necessarily mean that this is the cause of the disease they are suffering from.

　　Compared with Ureaplasma, this mycoplasma shows a stronger association with acute non-gonococcal urethritis. In male patients with persistent or recurrent episodes after acute onset, 12% to 20% can be detected with reproductive mycoplasma in the urethra.

　　Studies have shown that the role of mycoplasma in true chronic prostatitis is extremely small. The relationship with epididymitis has not been determined. The role in Reiter's disease is still unclear.

　　There is some evidence to suggest that Mycoplasma hominis may be the cause of pelvic inflammatory disease in women, but there is no evidence to show that Ureaplasma has a similar effect.

　　It has been reported that Ureaplasma can reduce the motility of sperm and decrease the number of sperm, and is related to the abnormal appearance of sperm. The removal of Ureaplasma can improve the motility, number, and appearance of sperm. Although Ureaplasma may be related to changes in sperm motility, there is no convincing evidence to show that Ureaplasma is an important cause of infertility.

　　The relationship between mycoplasma and HIV infection and AIDS: In the late 1980s, some researchers in the United States cultured a mycoplasma from the organs and tissues of AIDS patients, called unknown mycoplasma (Mycoplasma incognitus), which was later identified as Mycoplasma fermentans. Before that, a small amount of Mycoplasma fermentans had been isolated from the urinary and reproductive tract, but it was more often isolated as a contaminant from cell cultures, and its pathogenicity was not yet clear. Research has found that mycoplasma can enhance the replication of HIV in cell cultures and can cause cell death.

　　1. Complications in male patients: epididymitis, prostatitis, seminal vesiculitis, etc.

　　1. Epididymitis is a common disease among non-specific infections of the male reproductive system, more common in middle-aged and young adults.

　　When various reasons lead to a decrease in body resistance, pathogenic bacteria can take the opportunity to invade the epididymis and cause inflammation. It is characterized by sudden pain in the scrotum, swelling of the epididymis, marked tenderness, and may be accompanied by fever and hard nodules in the epididymis. Inflammation of the epididymis can affect spermatogenesis, reducing its fertilization ability; inflammation can also lead to blockage of the epididymal ducts, affecting the output of sperm, which can all lead to infertility in clinical practice.

　　2. Prostatitis is the acute and chronic inflammation caused by specific and non-specific infections of the prostate, leading to systemic or local symptoms.

　　3. Prostatitis refers to the acute and chronic inflammation caused by specific and non-specific infections of the prostate, leading to systemic or local symptoms. Prostatitis can be divided into non-specific bacterial prostatitis, idiopathic bacterial prostatitis (also known as prostatopathy), specific prostatitis (caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, tuberculosis, fungi, parasites, etc.), non-specific granulomatous prostatitis, and prostatitis caused by other pathogens (such as viruses, mycoplasma, chlamydia, etc.), prostatic congestion, and prostatodynia.

　　II. Complications in female patients: endometritis, salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, peritonitis, etc.

　　1. Endometritis is the inflammation of the endometrium and is a common disease in women. According to the duration of the disease, it can be divided into acute endometritis and chronic endometritis. Acute inflammation may lead to serious consequences such as diffuse peritonitis, sepsis, and septic shock.

　　2. Salpingitis is more common in infertile women, and its etiology is mainly caused by pathogenic infections, such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Proteus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Chlamydia, etc.

　　3. When the female pelvic reproductive organs and their surrounding connective tissues, and the pelvic peritoneum become inflamed, it is called pelvic inflammatory disease, including endometritis, salpingo-ovarian inflammation, pelvic adnexal inflammation, and pelvic peritonitis. It can occur simultaneously in one or more places, and is one of the common diseases in women. Since the fallopian tubes and ovaries are collectively referred to as the adnexa, and the ovaries are often affected when the fallopian tubes become inflamed, it is also known as adnexitis.

　　坚持正规治疗，避免半途而废. When the treatment is completed, go to the hospital for a follow-up examination or evaluation. If symptoms persist or recur, go to the hospital immediately. Avoid sexual contact and use barrier contraceptives such as condoms before the patient and their sexual partner are completely cured. The sexual partners of the patients should also be checked and treated. Newborns should be treated with erythromycin or tetracycline eye ointment at birth.

　　Firstly, harm:

　　Although the symptoms of gonococcal urethritis are milder than those of gonorrhea, the harm is not less. Due to the mild symptoms, many patients lose the best treatment period, making treatment very difficult. The symptoms of this disease are extremely mild in women, and women with mild symptoms often do not receive treatment, increasing the opportunity for the spread of the disease. In addition to urethritis, more than half of the patients have complications such as endometritis, salpingitis, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and abortion. At the onset, symptoms such as dysuria, urethral discomfort, itching, burning sensation, sharp pain, redness, urethral secretion, and thinness may occur. As the condition progresses, the above symptoms will gradually worsen. Improper treatment or delayed treatment can lead to recurrent disease, causing premature ejaculation, acute epididymitis, prostatitis, and other diseases, and in severe cases, can directly lead to male infertility.

　　Secondly, patients must read:

　　Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) refers to urethritis caused by pathogens other than gonococcus. It is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases, prevalent in the sexually vigorous period of young and middle-aged adults. Men may have complications such as epididymitis, orchitis, and prostatitis. Women may have complications such as cervicitis and erosion, pelvic inflammatory disease, salpingitis, menstrual irregularities, ectopic pregnancy, abortion, and infertility.

　　The so-called non-gonococcal urethritis usually refers to urethritis caused by chlamydia (40%-50%), mycoplasma (20%-30%), and some unknown pathogenic agents (10-20%).

　　The clinical manifestations of non-gonococcal urethritis:

　　The symptoms of non-gonococcal urethritis in men are relatively mild, with symptoms that drag on and vary in intensity. There may be a tingling or burning sensation in the urethra, occasionally with a sharp pain, and there may be secretion at the urethral orifice, but the secretion is thin. Sometimes it may only be manifested as a crust covering the urethral orifice or pollution of the pants crotch with secretion. Sometimes the patient has no自觉 symptoms at all. It is very easy to be missed in the initial diagnosis.

　　The characteristics of non-gonococcal urethritis in women are that the symptoms are not obvious or there are no symptoms at all. When infected and urethritis occurs, about 50% have symptoms such as frequent urination, urethral burning sensation, or difficulty in urination. A small amount of serous or purulent secretion may be found at the urethral orifice, but generally without pain or only with mild pain during urination. Sometimes the cervix also has inflammation or erosion, which often causes itching of the vulva or vagina. Patients with salpingitis, endometritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease may have corresponding symptoms.

　　Three, Prognosis

　　1, Clinical symptoms have disappeared for more than a week, there is no secretion in the urethra, or the number of white blood cells in the secretion is ≤4 per 100 times under the microscope.

　　2, The urine is clear, and the sediment is negative under the microscope.

　　3, The chlamydia and mycoplasma in the urethra (cervix) specimen are negative (if conditions permit).

　　Four, Health care

　　1, No alcohol is allowed during treatment.

　　2, After completing a course of treatment, follow-up should be carried out.

　　3, Whether the patient takes the medicine on time and in the correct dose. Because the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis is different from that of gonorrhea, which can be treated in a short-term, full-dose manner, and the frequency of taking the medicine is high, the duration is long, and the patient is easy to forget to take the medicine due to work or other reasons, or stop taking the medicine after 1-2 days because the symptoms basically disappear, affecting the efficacy or recurrence. At this time, do not rush to change the medicine.

　　4, As up to 45% of gonorrhea patients are also infected with chlamydia and mycoplasma at the same time as they are infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, it is advisable to adopt a combined treatment plan for non-gonococcal urethritis when treating gonorrhea.

　　5, If the sexual partner is infected, they should be treated at the same time. After treatment, if the patient's symptoms persist or recur after disappearance, the most likely reason is that the sexual partner has not been treated. Unprotected sexual intercourse with an untreated sexual partner can lead to the recurrence of the disease. It is known that 40% of non-gonococcal urethritis patients have no symptoms. Therefore, not only should the patient be treated, but the sexual partner should also receive preventive medication. The method is the same as that of the patient, and if the patient is pregnant, erythromycin or amoxicillin can be used for treatment.

　　6, For patients who have been treated in many hospitals but have not recovered, it is necessary to understand the condition and treatment course in detail. If there is no improvement or no effect according to the regular therapy, it is advisable to change to another method, even combined treatment. Generally, do not use antibiotics of the same type during combined treatment.

　　7, If it is confirmed to be chlamydial urethritis, extending the treatment course to 4-6 weeks can be effective for the next treatment.

　　8, There have been many reports that ureaplasma is resistant to tetracycline. If suspected, use other antibiotics in a timely manner.

　　9, If the patient has recurrent attacks, be alert to complications such as prostatitis, and conduct corresponding bacteriological examinations and timely treatment.

　　10, Medical units with conditions should conduct detailed clinical and bacterial examinations for each patient, especially those who have recurred, and provide targeted treatment. Only in this way can a complete cure be achieved.

　　11, The clinical manifestations do not correspond to the symptoms of non-gonococcal urethritis, and the examination did not detect the pathogen. Consider whether it is a neurosensitive syndrome. At this time, it is necessary to explain, comfort, and use sedative drugs. The clinical application of Bolexin has been found to be effective.

　　12, If it is Trichomonas, mold, or other rare diseases, especially mold-induced urethritis, it is not advisable to blindly add antibiotics, as this may cause greater harm to the patient. It is important to investigate and treat according to the symptoms.

　　13. Do not abuse antibiotics during the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis, as the vast majority of penicillin drugs are ineffective against chlamydia and mycoplasma, and should not be used in general. Sulfonamides are effective against chlamydia but not against mycoplasma, and gentamicin and spectinomycin are ineffective against chlamydia but effective against mycoplasma. Gentamicin, neomycin, and polymyxin B are ineffective against chlamydia.

　　Five, Nursing

　　The incubation period for non-gonococcal urethritis is generally 1-3 weeks, the onset is slow, and a significant number of patients have no obvious symptoms, often ignored. When complicated with gonorrhea, the symptoms of gonorrhea may conceal the disease, making diagnosis and treatment very difficult.

　　Male patients may feel an itchy and burning sensation at the urethral opening, with redness and congestion of the urethral opening, frequent urination, urgency, and sometimes mild difficulty in urination. If urine is not voided for a long time, or in the morning, there may be a watery or thin mucus secretion from the urethral opening. Sometimes there is a film-like scab over the urethral opening, or there may be dirty stains on the underwear. Some patients may not have urethral discharge or have very little discharge, and secretion can only be released from the urethral opening by squeezing the penis.

　　Female patients may present with increased leukorrhea, vaginal redness and swelling, cervical erosion or cervicitis with a small amount of secretion. Some patients may have mild dysuria without secretion, and some may have lower back pain without any other symptoms.

　　Non-gonococcal urethritis, although the symptoms are milder than those of gonorrhea, is not less harmful. Due to the mild symptoms, many patients lose the best treatment period, making treatment very difficult. This disease is particularly mild in women, and female carriers often do not receive treatment due to mild symptoms, increasing the opportunity for transmission. In addition to causing urethritis, more than half of the patients have complications in women, such as endometritis, salpingitis, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and abortion.

　　Six, Nursing methods for non-gonococcal urethritis

　　1. Promote self-discipline and eliminate sexual confusion.

　　2. Patients should not have sexual relations with anyone before they are cured.

　　3. Personal prevention of infection is similar to that of gonorrhea.

　　4. Patients should use a separate bathtub, towels, and underwear, which should be boiled and disinfected frequently.

　　5. Treatment for sexual partners.

　　1. Smear staining examination

　　Exclude gonococcal, candidal, and other bacterial infections; under high-power oil microscopy, leukocytes in urethral secretion smears should be more than 4/5 per field of view; and in cervical secretion smears, leukocytes should be more than 10/5 per field of view.

　　2. Urinary leukocyte esterase test

　　Males under 60 years of age without kidney disease or bladder infection, without prostatitis or urinary tract mechanical injury, and those with positive urinary leukocyte esterase can also be diagnosed with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU).

　　Three, Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) examination

　　1. Cytological examination:Obtain a smear of secretions, fix it, and then perform Giemsa staining or iodine staining for examination.

　　2. Tissue culture examination:The standard method for diagnosing Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection is tissue culture, which has a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 80% to 90% for detecting CT.

　　3. Serological examination:Including complement fixation test,微量immunofluorescence test, and immunoelectrophoresis test.

　　4, Immunological test:Mainly used for further identification of CT.

　　① Direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA): After smearing, the monocolonal antibody labeled with fluorescent dye is used for staining, but there are also false positives. Most authors believe that it is not as sensitive as the culture method and is more specific.

　　② Enzyme immunoassay (EIA): Kits such as Kodak surecell, chlamydiazyme, Syva: micro:trak, and IDEIA are used to detect CT antigens in the first morning urine (FCU) sediment specimens by EIA technology.

　　③ Solid-phase enzyme immunoassay: Such as clearviewtestpack, which is a rapid immunodiagnostic test, mainly used for detecting chlamydia antibodies in cervical specimens.

　　5, Molecular biology test:

　　① Nucleic acid probe detection method: Gen-ProbePACE2 system and improved PACE2 method applied in recent years.

　　② Nucleic acid amplification detection method: It is divided into two methods.

　　A. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): Use the main outer membrane protein (OMP-1) of CT as a primer to determine true positive results. This method is fast, simple, and has low requirements for detection materials, but also has many problems such as false positives, false negatives, and different results due to different primers.

　　B. Ligase chain reaction (LCR): This method is used to check the OPM-1 target gene of CT, with both high sensitivity and specificity.

　　IV. Mycoplasma test

　　1, Culture test:It is the standard method for diagnosing mycoplasma infection.

　　2, Serological test:Including agar diffusion method, fluorescent-labeled antibody method, and microenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

　　3, Molecular biology test:Same as chlamydia test.

　　I. Diet

　　Non-specific urethritis dietary recipe (the following information is for reference only, detailed information should be consulted with a doctor)

　　1, Use 50 grams of goji berries, 100 grams of poria cocos, and 100 grams of black tea. Grind goji berries and poria cocos together into coarse powder, take 5-10 grams each time, add 6 grams of black tea, and pour boiling water over it. Let it steep for 10 minutes. Take it twice daily as a herbal tea.

　　2, Take 50 grams of red bean and 50 grams of corn silk. Boil in water and drink the decoction, once daily, for 20 consecutive days.

　　3, Use 10 grams of Lophatherum gracile, 50 grams of fresh rehmannia root, and 10 grams of wild chrysanthemum. Take it as a decoction, with 20 days as one course of treatment.

　　4, Take 30 grams of clematis root and 30 grams of Houttuynia cordata. Take it as a herbal tea, without restrictions on the number of times.

　　5, Use 10 grams of coptis, 30 grams each of Hedyotis diffusa, Polygonum aviculare, and rhizoma poriae, 15 grams each of rhizoma et rhizoma anemarrhenae, Radix et rhizoma corydalis, Rhizoma acori tatarici, Radix corydalis, and Radix cyathula, 6 grams each of clematis root and licorice root. Take one dose daily, divided into two servings for administration.

　　6, Take 10 grams each of winter morning glory seeds or roots and raw licorice root. Take it as a decoction.

　　7, Use 30-50 grams of osmanthus flower and an appropriate amount of white sugar. Boil in two and a half bowls of water until reduced to one bowl and take it as a decoction.

　　8, Take 200 grams of pig bladder, 60-100 grams of fresh plantain seedling (20-30 grams of dried product). Boil in water and add a little salt for seasoning before eating.

　　9、用土茯苓、苦参各30克，黄柏、地肤子各20克。每日1剂，水煎外洗。

　　二、非特异性尿道炎吃什么对身体好

　　多吃蔬菜水果。有条件可多吃一些南瓜子，西红柿尽量与鸡蛋炒熟吃。多吃鸡蛋、牛奶、鱼肉。牛肉、羊肉等食物。多饮水。

　　三、非特异性尿道炎最好别吃什么食物

　　9. Use 30 grams of Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae, 30 grams of Sophora Flavescent, 20 grams of Phellodendron Amurense, and 20 grams of Kochia Scoparia. Take one dose daily, decoct and wash externally.

　　Two, what to eat for non-specific urethritis is good for the body

　　Eat more vegetables and fruits. If possible, eat more pumpkin seeds, and try to cook tomatoes with eggs. Eat more eggs, milk, fish, and beef, lamb, and other foods. Drink plenty of water.

     2. Avoid seafood. Seafood such as mandarin fish, yellow fish, hairtail fish, black fish, shrimps, crabs, etc., can promote damp-heat, and after eating, it can make the external vulva itchy, which is not conducive to the regression of inflammation, so it should be avoided.

　　3. Avoid sweet and greasy foods. Oily foods such as lard, fatty pork, butter, beef butter, sheep butter, etc., and high-sugar foods such as chocolate, candies, sweet pastries, cream cakes, etc., have the effect of promoting dampness and heat, which can increase the secretion of leukorrhea and affect the therapeutic effect.

　　7

　　1. Western medicine treatment for non-specific urethritis is a routine method

　　1. The key to prevention is to avoid unclean sexual intercourse. In addition, the hygiene of public bathhouses is also very important, and it is not recommended to take a bath in a communal tub, and clothes should be stored separately.

　　2. After one partner is diagnosed with the disease, the other should undergo laboratory tests and actively treat the disease after diagnosis.

　　1. Instruct patients to avoid sexual activity before recovery; abstain from alcohol, avoid spicy foods, and drink plenty of water.

　　2. Do necessary isolation at home, use towels, basins, bathtubs, toilets, etc. separately, or disinfect them after use.

　　4. Tell patients what is safe sex and what is risky sex, and how to avoid risky sex.

　　3. Encourage the use of condoms.

　　Do not delay going to the toilet when you feel an urgent need to urinate; drink more water or other beverages when you are thirsty; urinate and clean up after sexual intercourse. Wash with clean water after a bowel movement.