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　　What are the causes of renal tumors

　　The etiology of renal tumors is not yet clear. The risk factors related to its occurrence include: 1, Smoking

　　Smoking can increase the risk of renal tumors and is related to the amount of smoking. This correlation can decrease 25 years after quitting smoking; 2, Occupation

　　Cadmium-exposed workers have a higher incidence of renal tumors. Workers in coking plants, printing plants, and those engaged in petrochemical work have a relatively higher incidence of renal tumors; 3, Urban-rural and cultural and economic conditions

　　There is evidence that the incidence of renal tumors in urban residents is higher than that in rural residents; 4, Hormones and chemical substances

　　Especially the use of hormones can increase the incidence of renal tumors, and the incidence of renal tumors in patients with hypertension after taking diuretics increases; 5, Other factors

　　What complications can renal tumors easily cause

　　The clinical manifestations of different types of renal tumors vary greatly, common symptoms include:

　　1. Symptoms caused by the tumor itself, such as back pain, hematuria, abdominal mass, etc.;

　　2. Compression symptoms caused by tumor enlargement, when the tumor compresses the stomach and duodenum, gastrointestinal symptoms may occur;

　　3. Systemic symptoms, such as hypertension, anemia, weight loss, fever, polycythemia, hyperglycemia, and abnormal coagulation mechanism, etc.

　　4. Other symptoms. Abdominal bleeding, shock, acute abdominal pain, and other acute abdominal symptoms and signs may occur when the tumor is ruptured due to trauma and other factors.

　　The prevention of renal tumors is roughly the same as that of other tumors, that is:

　　1. Avoiding harmful substances (carcinogenic factors)

　　It is to help us avoid or minimize contact with harmful substances. Some related factors of tumor occurrence can be prevented before they occur. Many cancers can be prevented before they form. Most malignant tumors are caused by environmental factors. 'Environmental factors', 'lifestyle' refers to the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we choose to make, our habits of activity, and social relationships, etc.

　　2. Improving the body's resistance to tumors

　　It can help improve and strengthen the body's immune system in the fight against tumors. The focus of our current tumor prevention and treatment work should first be to pay attention to and improve those factors closely related to our lives, such as smoking cessation, reasonable diet, regular exercise, and weight loss.

　　3. Promoting the body's resistance to cancer

　　The most important thing to improve immune system function is: diet, exercise, and controlling烦恼, healthy lifestyle choices can help us stay away from cancer. Maintaining a good emotional state and appropriate physical exercise can keep the body's immune system in the best state, which is also beneficial for preventing tumors and preventing the occurrence of other diseases.

　　The diagnostic examination of renal tumors involves all aspects of the kidney, including the following aspects:

　　1. Laboratory examination

　　Routine laboratory examination items include blood and urine routine tests, blood biochemistry, and blood tumor marker tests, etc. For benign renal tumors such as reninoma, blood biochemistry and endocrine examination can detect abnormalities such as hyperreninemia, hyperaldosteronemia, and hypokalemia; for malignant renal tumors such as renal cell carcinoma, urine cytology examination plays an important role and may detect shed cancer cells.

　　2. Imaging examination

　　1. Chest X-ray

　　This is a routine examination item for patients, and chest front and lateral views should be taken to clarify the presence of lung nodules and other lung metastasis manifestations, as well as other chest lesions.

　　2. Ultrasound examination

　　Ultrasound examination is the most commonly used method for diagnosing renal tumors, characterized by its non-invasive, accurate, and relatively inexpensive nature. Ultrasound echoes can reflect the histological characteristics of the tumor, playing an important role in tumor differentiation. Renal oncocytoma is a benign renal tumor, with fat as the main component, which appears as high echo on ultrasound examination; renal cell carcinoma is a solid tumor without fat content, which appears as low echo on ultrasound examination. Therefore, ultrasound examination has become an important method for differentiating oncocytoma from renal cell carcinoma.

　　3. CT

　　CT is the most important imaging examination for renal tumors, with high density and spatial resolution. The detection rate of renal masses is very high, approaching 100%. CT is of great value in distinguishing between benign and malignant renal tumors. Irregular mass shape, exceeding the renal fascia, and the presence of lymph node metastasis or venous thrombus all suggest that the mass is malignant; if the tumor has a complete capsule, clear boundaries with normal tissue, and fatty density tissue, the possibility of benignity is high.

　　4. MRI

　　In the diagnosis of malignant renal tumors, MRI is of great value in determining the extent of renal tumors and whether they are primary tumors. In addition, MRI can clearly define the spread and metastasis of renal tumors, which is of great significance for tumor staging and plays an important role in the patient's later treatment.

　　5. Intravenous pyelography

　　It is a method for diagnosing the cause of hematuria, but it has poor sensitivity and specificity for renal parenchymal tumors. Patients with iodine allergy, severe liver and kidney diseases, and cardiovascular diseases are prohibited from undergoing this examination.

　　6. Renal arteriography

　　The diagnosis of renal tumors has limitations. The presence or absence of new blood vessels may be helpful for the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma.

　　The diet of renal tumor patients should be light and not too salty. Appropriate intake of the following foods can help alleviate the progression of the disease.

　　13. Foods that can resist tumor effects, such as turtle, turtle, sea horse, sea worm, jellyfish, sea cucumber, pork and beef bone marrow, water chestnut, fig, bitter herb, cucumber, papaya, Job's tears, silkworm, pomelo, sophora.

　　12. Foods that enhance physical fitness and improve immunity, such as sardines, shrimps, bluefish, eel, seaweed, oyster, pork liver, pork kidney, chestnut, lotus seed, walnut, apple, kiwi, soybean, mung bean, red bean, cordyceps, bee milk, sesame.

　　11. Low back pain is suitable for eating toad, maomaozi, Job's tears, coriander, beef and cow bone marrow, soybean, walnut, pork kidney, abalone, horseshoe crab, sea snake, oyster, seaweed.

　　10. Hematuria is suitable for eating turtle, tortoise, pangolin meat, fig, plum, persimmon, lotus root, lotus root, chive, winter melon, grass root, sugarcane, shepherd's purse, mulberry.

　　9. Edema is suitable for eating sheep lung, jellyfish, snails, clam, kelp, seaweed, carp, cuttlefish, bluefish, clam, crucian carp, celery, mung bean, cauliflower, mushroom.

　　The treatment plan for renal tumors should be selected based on the nature of the tumor and the patient's overall condition. Small, asymptomatic benign tumors can be observed and waited for, while other renal tumors are mainly treated with surgery, medication, physical therapy, and other methods.

　　I. Surgical treatment

　　1. Surgical treatment for benign renal tumors

　　Whether to perform surgical treatment for benign renal tumors should be determined based on the patient's symptoms, tumor size, and general condition. The principle of surgery is to strive to preserve the patient's renal function.

　　2. Surgical treatment for malignant renal tumors

　　(1) Surgery is the main treatment method for localized and locally advanced renal malignant tumors. The options for surgery include radical nephrectomy and nephron-sparing surgery. The principles of surgical treatment include:

　　① Surgery to preserve renal units is suitable for radical nephrectomy that leads to functional kidney failure and the need for dialysis. This includes bilateral renal tumors, solitary kidney, renal insufficiency, and patients with partial smaller unilateral tumors, especially those with tumors located at the upper, lower poles, or edges of the kidney;

　　② Regional lymph node dissection is an optional procedure;

　　③ If the tumor has not involved the adrenal glands, and it is judged as non-high-risk adrenal metastasis based on the size and location of the tumor, the adrenal glands can be preserved. The ipsilateral adrenal gland is removed only in cases of giant tumors, or when CT shows abnormal adrenal glands;

　　④ Surgery for patients with extensive invasion of the inferior vena cava by the tumor needs to be performed under the assistance of a vascular surgeon.

　　(2) Some patients with metastatic renal tumors can also consider surgical treatment

　　① Patients with minor regional lymph node lesions can undergo surgical treatment;

　　② A small number of patients with possible surgery for primary lesions and solitary metastases: If there is primary RCC and a solitary metastasis at the initial diagnosis, patients who have a solitary recurrence or metastasis after nephrectomy can undergo nephrectomy and metastasis resection;

　　③ For patients with primary lesions and multiple metastases, if surgery is possible for the primary lesion, it can be recommended to perform nephrectomy before systemic treatment. Patients with only lung metastases, good prognostic factors, and good physical status scores are most likely to benefit from nephrectomy before systemic treatment.

　　Secondly, Drug Treatment

　　1. Cytokine Therapy:Cytokine therapy has been a standard treatment for many years. For patients with small tumor volume or mainly lung metastasis, it can be tried to administer high-dose IL-2 therapy. The progression-free survival (PFS) can be extended more than twice as long as that of patients taking a placebo.

　　2. Chemotherapy:Renal cell carcinoma has multiple drug resistance genes and is insensitive to chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is only used as an auxiliary treatment method for metastatic non-clear cell carcinoma.

　　3. Targeted Therapy:Targeted drugs currently used in clinical practice include: sorafenib bisulfate and tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as malonic acid sunitinib. Patients undergoing targeted therapy show longer overall survival and good tolerance. Molecular targeted therapy has certain efficacy for metastatic renal tumors, opening a new era for the treatment of renal malignant tumors.