Smog-related diseases

　　During smoggy weather, the degree of air pollution is heavier than usual, and the air often contains bacteria and viruses, which can easily lead to the spread of infectious diseases and the occurrence of various diseases. Especially in cities, it is difficult for air pollutants to disperse, which intensifies the toxicity of substances such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, posing a serious threat to human life and health, and causing various physical discomforts.

　　1. Smog-related diseases are prone to cause what complications

　　1. The health effects caused by haze weather are mainly acute effects, mainly manifested as the enhancement of symptoms of diseases such as upper respiratory tract infection, asthma, conjunctivitis, bronchitis, eye and throat irritation, cough, difficulty breathing, nasal congestion with runny nose, rash, and cardiovascular system disorder; the incidence rate of respiratory diseases increases.

　　2. In addition, smoggy weather will also have some indirect effects on human health. The occurrence of haze will weaken the ultraviolet radiation, and if haze occurs frequently, it will affect the synthesis of vitamin D in the human body, leading to a high incidence of rickets in children, and make the activity of infectious bacteria in the air stronger.

　　1. Respiratory diseases

　　The composition of haze is very complex, including hundreds of types of atmospheric chemical particles. The main harmful substances to health are aerosol particles with a diameter less than 10 micrometers, such as mineral particles, sea salt, sulfates, nitrates, organic aerosol particles, fuel, and automobile exhaust, etc., which can directly enter and adhere to the respiratory tract and alveoli of the human body. Particularly, sub-micron particles will deposit in the upper and lower respiratory tracts and alveoli, causing acute rhinitis and acute bronchitis and other diseases. For patients with chronic respiratory diseases such as bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, obstructive pulmonary emphysema, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoggy weather can cause the disease to acute exacerbation or acute aggravation. If exposed to this environment for a long time, it may induce lung cancer.

　　2. Cardiovascular system diseases

　　Smoggy weather has a lot of air pollutants and low pressure, which is easy to trigger acute attacks of cardiovascular diseases. For example, when the fog is thick, the water vapor content is very high, and if people engage in outdoor activities and exercise, sweat is not easy to be discharged, causing chest tightness and increased blood pressure.

　　3. Infectious diseases

　　Smoggy weather can also weaken near-surface ultraviolet radiation, making the activity of infectious bacteria in the air stronger, resulting in an increase in infectious diseases.

　　4. Children's diseases

　　Due to the reduction in sunlight during foggy days, children have insufficient ultraviolet radiation, insufficient vitamin D generation in the body, and greatly reduced calcium absorption, which may lead to rickets in infants and slow growth in children.

　　5. Psychological diseases

　　Overcast smoggy weather, due to weak light and low pressure caused by it, is prone to cause mental laziness, mood depression, and pessimistic emotions, and even easy to lose control when encountering unpleasant things.

　　For the prevention of smog-related diseases, the following points should be noted:

　　1. Middle-aged and elderly people with cardiovascular diseases should try to avoid going out during smoggy days. If they must go out, it is best to wait for the sun to come out and the smog to lighten before leaving; they should wear masks and try to reduce the time spent outdoors.

　　2. Ventilation should be ensured indoors, but it should be avoided to keep the windows open for a long time, which may lead to polluted air entering.

　　3. Keep away from busy roads, especially busy main roads. When going out, try to avoid rush hours and peak periods of car exhaust emissions.

　　4. Cardiovascular patients should adhere to regular medication, and also adjust their mood during smoggy days, such as listening to crosstalk, watching comedy, appreciating light music, etc., to avoid emotional tension and depression.

　　5. Pay attention to supplementing calcium, vitamin D, and other elements and substances beneficial to the cardiovascular system, which can be taken through medication or by eating tofu, milk, pears, and other foods rich in these elements and substances.

　　6. Develop a healthy lifestyle, the key is 'balanced diet, moderate exercise, smoking cessation, and alcohol restriction, and psychological balance'. If this can be achieved, the incidence of hypertension, cerebral stroke, coronary heart disease, and other diseases can be reduced by about 50%.

　　Physical examination
　　(1) Inspection: ① Changes in respiratory rate: The first sign of dyspnea is an increased respiratory rate, which is more pronounced in younger individuals. A decrease in respiratory rate or irregular rhythm is also a dangerous sign. ② Cyanosis: Cyanosis of the extremities is peripheral cyanosis, while cyanosis of the tongue and mucous membranes is central cyanosis. Central cyanosis occurs later than peripheral cyanosis but is more significant. ③ Soft tissue indentation of the chest during inspiration: Soft tissue indentation above and below the sternum, above the clavicles, and between the ribs during upper respiratory tract obstruction or severe pulmonary consolidation is called the 'three凹陷 signs'.
　　(2) Inspiratory wheeze (inspiratory wheeze) and expiratory wheeze (expiratory wheeze): Wheezing occurs during inspiration, accompanied by an elongation of inspiration, indicating obstruction of the upper respiratory tract. Wheezing during expiration, accompanied by an elongation of expiration, indicates obstruction of the lower respiratory tract.
　　(3) Pulmonary auscultation: Wheezing is often more pronounced during expiration, indicating obstruction of small bronchi. Unfixed medium and coarse moist rales often come from secretions of small bronchi. During inspiration, especially at the end of deep inspiration, a fixed and unchanging fine moist rale suggests the presence of secretions in the alveoli, which is common in alveolitis.
　　Blood gas analysis
　　Reflecting the state of gas exchange and acid-base balance in blood, providing a basis for diagnosis and treatment. The normal values of blood gas analysis in children are shown in Table 6-1.
　　When the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2) is 50mmHg (6.67kPa), and the oxygen saturation in arterial blood (SaO2) is ... pulmonary imaging
　　Chest X-ray透视 and photography are the most commonly used examinations. Nowadays, technologies such as CT, high-resolution CT (HRCT), MRI, and digital chest X-ray photography have greatly improved the diagnostic rate of pulmonary diseases.
　　Bronchoscopy
　　Biopsy or brushing can be performed under direct vision, with a wide visual range and easy sampling for cytological and histological examination, which can improve the positive rate. Bronchial lavage can also be performed to understand the cell composition, morphology, and biological characteristics of the lavage fluid, and to analyze various cytokines and inflammatory mediators.
　　Laboratory examination
　　The white blood cell count of virus-infected individuals is normal or low, with a decrease in neutrophils and a relative increase in lymphocyte count. Virus isolation and serological tests can identify the pathogen, while immunofluorescence, immunoenzyme, and molecular biology techniques can be used for early diagnosis.
　　In bacterial infections, the white blood cell count can increase, and the neutrophil count can increase. Culturing the throat swab before using antibacterial drugs can detect the pathogenic bacteria. In cases caused by Streptococcus, the ASO titer can increase 2-3 weeks after infection.

　　1. Drink more Peony Platycodon tea, Platycodon and American ginseng tea, Platycodon granules, Platycodon decoction, and other 'clear lung and dust' drinks

　　Peony Platycodon tea has the function of clearing fire and filtering lung dust, which can significantly enhance the ability of alveolar cells to expel toxic fine particles, and can effectively assist the body in expelling accumulated PM2.5 particles and other harmful substances. For more information, please refer to the百度百科 introduction of Peony Platycodon tea and Platycodon decoction.

　　2. Appropriately supplement vitamin D

　　In winter, there is more fog and less sunshine, due to insufficient ultraviolet radiation, the body's vitamin D production is insufficient, and some people may also have symptoms such as listlessness and depression. It is necessary to supplement some vitamin D if necessary.

　　3. Eat light and drink plenty of water

　　During foggy days, it is advisable to choose light, easy-to-digest foods rich in vitamins, drink plenty of water, eat more fresh vegetables and fruits, which not only can supplement various vitamins and inorganic salts, but also play a role in moistening the lungs, removing dryness, expectorating, and relieving cough, invigorating the spleen and kidneys. Eat less刺激性 food, eat more pears, loquat, oranges, tangerines, and other lung-clearing and expectorant foods.

　　1. Timely treatment

　　When smog appears, some patients with colds, fevers, and other diseases are prone to exacerbate their conditions, especially children should reduce going out, as they are weak and have poor resistance, which is easy to lead to a second attack. At home, you can feed children some vegetables and fruits that clear the lungs and moisten the lungs, such as clear lung and lung-moistening vegetables and fruits. If there are symptoms such as body discomfort, such as cough, sputum, dry and itchy throat, etc., you can take a pediatric lung-heat cough asthma oral liquid, which has the effect of clearing heat and detoxifying, and promoting lung fluidization, which has always been a necessity for children's medication at home.

　　2. Ensure sufficient sleep time

　　At the same time, it is necessary to ensure adequate sleep, relax all muscles at night, reduce the body's response to external stimuli, reduce heart rate, breathing, excretion and other activities, which is conducive to the recovery of various organ functions and the recovery from diseases. For children, it is also necessary to rest more and ensure that children have enough sleep.