Kidney Cysts

　　There are mainly five causes of renal cysts:

　　1. Infection Factors:Any infection in any part of the body can enter the kidney through the blood, creating an environment conducive to changes in the cyst gene, enhancing the activity of internal factors within the cyst, thereby promoting the formation and growth of the cyst. In addition, infection can also affect the cyst. If the cyst becomes infected, it will not only exacerbate clinical symptoms but also further accelerate the growth rate of the cyst and worsen kidney function damage. Common infection factors include upper respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, gastrointestinal tract infection, skin infection, trauma infection, and instrument infection, etc. In other words, whether it is bacterial infection or viral infection, it can have a significant impact on the cyst.

　　2. Toxins:Toxins acting on the human body can cause damage to various cell tissues and organs, leading to diseases and even life-threatening conditions, and are also one of the main reasons for the occurrence of gene mutations and congenital malformations. Common toxins include pesticides, certain chemical agents, radiation, pollution, and so on. It should be pointed out that some drugs also have nephrotoxicity, and improper use can easily cause kidney damage. These drugs include kanamycin, gentamicin, sulfonamides, rifampicin, indomethacin, and other Western medicines, as well as strychnine and other traditional Chinese medicines.

　　3. Congenital Malformation:Congenital malformations can lead to a variety of diseases. For cystic kidney disease, it mainly causes medullary sponge kidney, dysplastic polycystic kidney disease, and so on. Genes with congenital malformations generally do not have abnormalities, so they are different from genetic inheritance or genetic mutation.

　　4. Gene Mutation:For polycystic kidney disease, most cases are inherited from parents through gene inheritance, and are divided into autosomal dominant inheritance and autosomal recessive inheritance. However, there are also some patients with polycystic kidney disease who are neither inherited from their parents nor belong to congenital malformation polycystic kidney disease, but are caused by gene mutations during embryogenesis. During the process of embryogenesis, due to the action of various factors, genes mutate and form polycystic kidney disease. Although this situation is rare, it can still occur, and therefore, some patients with polycystic kidney disease may not have a family history of inheritance.

　　5. Hypertension can cause the cyst to become larger:Increased blood pressure is considered to be caused by the compression of the renal parenchyma by the cyst, activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, causing vasoconstriction throughout the body and subsequently leading to refractory hypertension. This causes the glomerulus to be in a state of high perfusion, high pressure, and high filtration, making the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the cyst larger, which is more conducive to the accumulation of fluid and the enlargement of the cyst. Common renal cysts include simple renal cysts, perinephric cysts, and polycystic kidney disease, etc.

　　Diseases caused by renal cysts

　　Spontaneous infection is rare in simple renal cysts, and it is difficult to differentiate from pyelonephritis when it occurs. Sometimes, the cyst can hemorrhage, causing severe pain when it occurs suddenly, and the hemorrhage can come from the cancer associated with the cyst wall. When the cyst is located at the lower pole of the kidney and is close to the ureter, it can exacerbate hydronephrosis, and the pressure of urine on the pelvis can cause back pain. This obstruction can also lead to kidney infection.

　　There are several symptoms of renal cysts:

　　The urine contains a large number of bubbles and does not dissipate for a long time, which is called proteinuria. The amount is generally not much, and it will not exceed 2 milliliters a day.

　　The appearance of gross hematuria, which occurs periodically, with the pain in the lower back increasing during the attack. Trauma, strenuous exercise, and infection can exacerbate the symptoms.

　　The appearance of a mass in the abdomen is relatively common, with about 80% of patients being able to feel an enlarged kidney. In most cases, the larger the kidney, the poorer the renal function.

　　Discomfort or pain in the lower back or abdomen. The pain is usually dull or blunt, fixed on one side or both sides, and radiates to the lower back and lower abdomen.

　　Simple renal cysts can occur on one side or both sides, with each kidney having one or a few cysts, usually less than 4 centimeters in diameter. The cyst wall is thin and transparent, containing yellowish clear fluid. Most simple renal cysts do not present clinical symptoms and are often discovered incidentally during imaging examinations of the urinary system (such as ultrasound, CT, etc.). They can also present with hematuria, mass, local pain, hypertension, and other clinical manifestations, but generally will not lead to renal function decline.

　　Polycystic kidney disease mainly manifests as the presence of multiple cysts of varying sizes in both kidneys. The number and size of the cysts gradually increase with age, and most patients do not show symptoms until the cysts and kidneys grow to a large size after the age of 30. Common symptoms include kidney enlargement, local dull pain, hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and eventually, it can destroy the structure and function of the kidneys, leading to end-stage renal failure. In addition, patients with polycystic kidney disease are prone to urinary tract infections, kidney stones, even cystic carcinoma, and other complications, and may also have polycystic liver, aneurysms, and malformation of heart valves, etc., therefore, it is necessary to closely monitor the changes in the condition.

　　Kidney cysts are a common kidney disease with a very high incidence, which seriously endangers people's normal life and work. In order to avoid the harm of kidney cysts, we should strengthen the preventive measures for kidney cysts, and at the same time, we should have a reasonable diet to prevent the occurrence of the disease. So, what are the methods to prevent kidney cysts?

　　1. Kidney cysts can be divided into many types. Generally, liver and kidney cysts are congenital, and there are also solitary and multiple ones. Sometimes liver and kidney cysts exist simultaneously, and it is generally said that liver and kidney cysts have little impact on human health.

　　2. Patients with kidney cysts should strengthen their self-protection awareness, and can live and work normally in daily life. For large liver and kidney cysts, it is important to avoid local trauma.

　　3. There are many treatment methods for kidney cysts, with varying efficacy. For liver and kidney cysts that do not cause compression, treatment may not be necessary, and there are no effective treatment measures.

　　4. The onset of kidney cysts has certain hazards. Generally, liver and kidney cysts develop slowly and do not become cancerous, with a good prognosis.

　　5. For those with large liver and kidney cysts. If the organ itself or the surrounding organs can cause compression symptoms or inflammation, needle aspiration therapy or surgical decompression therapy can be used, and antibacterial drugs should be used for inflammation.

　　6. The diagnosis of kidney cysts is also very important. Diagnosing liver and kidney cysts through palm prints is very reliable, and it is generally not necessary to do more tests.

　　What laboratory tests are needed for kidney cysts?

　　CT, magnetic resonance, laparoscopic kidney cyst decortication and decompression surgery, B-ultrasound guided cyst puncture, and injection of hardening agents (such as absolute alcohol), but this method has a high puncture risk, a high recurrence rate, and if the hardening agent enters the renal pelvis or ureter, the resulting injury is extremely serious and difficult to repair. Simple kidney cysts are usually diagnosed by B-ultrasound.

　　Patients with kidney cysts should avoid剧烈 sports and abdominal trauma. When the kidney is enlarged, it is also important to avoid tight belts to prevent the cyst from rupturing.

　　In terms of diet, it is also important to avoid salty foods, pickled foods, spicy and刺激性 foods (including chili, alcoholic beverages, shrimp, crabs, etc.), and contaminated foods (including rotten and deteriorated, leftover food and leftovers), and to avoid barbecued foods. For those with incomplete renal function or uremia, it is also important to avoid legumes and their products, limit high-protein animal foods, and greasy foods.

　　Western medical treatment for kidney cysts

　　1: Surgical treatment

　　Kidney cysts can be divided into two types: non-hereditary and hereditary. Simple kidney cysts are very common. If the diameter of the cyst does not exceed 4cm, there will be no clinical symptoms, and it is usually not necessary to treat. If the diameter exceeds 4cm, it may cause secondary infections, upper urinary tract obstruction, and other complications, which require treatment. Laparoscopy is widely used in urology, and almost all ureteral, renal, and adrenal diseases can be treated with laparoscopy.

　　The anatomical landmarks for abdominal surgery are very clear, but they can cause damage to surrounding organs, and the postoperative recovery time is also relatively slow. When performing surgery, it is necessary to identify the surrounding organs of the kidney cyst. If the colon organ is damaged, then a conversion to open surgery is required, and an intestinal stoma and a second-stage anastomosis may be required when necessary. The retroperitoneal approach does not contaminate the peritoneum, causes less damage to the peritoneal organs, does not cause peritoneal adhesions, and has a faster postoperative recovery. However, its anatomical landmarks are not obvious, and it is somewhat difficult to find the kidney cyst, and the field of vision is small, so balloons or water sacs need to be used to establish a space.

　　During the surgical process, the surgeon must understand the abdominal anatomy and related relationships clearly, fully identify the junction of the peritoneum, renal inferior pole, and lumbar muscle first, and know when separating the surrounding fat of the kidney that you can see the renal capsule, which is the anatomical landmark. When removing the cyst wall, it is necessary to use plasma knife or ultrasonic knife, which has better hemostatic effects. In this study, all patients successfully completed the surgery, and there was no significant difference in the amount of ischemia and operation time between the two groups during the operation. However, there was a significant difference in the time of postoperative排气 and the highest body temperature between the two groups, which was statistically significant, P

　　Second: Non-surgical treatment

　　1. Puncture, fluid drainage, and sclerosing agent treatment

　　This method is applicable to cysts with a diameter greater than 4 cm, with symptoms, and patients excluded from malignant transformation and infection after examination. Commonly used sclerosants, tetracycline, phosphorus lock, 95% alcohol, and 50% glucose. Patients with local skin infection or severe hemorrhagic tendency are not suitable for this method. Hemorrhage, infection, pneumothorax, kidney laceration, arteriovenous fistula, traumatic urinary bladder cyst, and extravasation of sclerosing agent stimulate and damage the surrounding renal tissue.

　　2. Puncture, fluid drainage, and antibiotic treatment

　　Applicable to kidney cysts with an internal infection when the diameter is greater than 4 cm. After puncture and fluid drainage under ultrasound guidance, sensitive antibiotics are injected according to the possible bacterial strain. Hemorrhage, infection, pneumothorax, kidney laceration, arteriovenous fistula, traumatic urinary bladder cyst, and extravasation of sclerosing agent stimulate and damage the surrounding renal tissue.