Gynecological tumors

　　I. Individual factors

　　1. Mental factors:Mental trauma, psychological imbalance, tension, depression, irritability, and other factors can reduce the body's immunity, decrease the function of thymus and lymph nodes, and strengthen carcinogenic factors, making the suppressed cancer cells active and proliferate.

　　2. Age:Benign tumors generally peak at 30 years old, while malignant tumors peak at 50 years old.

　　3. Anatomical, tissue, and embryonic factors:Ovaries and uterus have a majority of benign tumors, while fallopian tube tumors are mostly malignant.

　　4. Menstruation and endogenous sex hormones:Estrogen carcinogenesis mainly occurs in estrone.

　　5. Pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding:42% of uterine fibroid patients and 24%-69% of endometrial patients have a history of infertility.

　　6. Obesity:Fat can store estrogen, slow its metabolism, and excessive fat may become estrone and methylnaphthalene. A body weight exceeding 15% increases the risk of endometrial cancer by 3 times compared to normal people.

　　7. Various functions of the body:The body has the ability to resist tumors and promote apoptosis of cancer cells through gene regulation, and can also have a bystander effect.

　　8. Blood type:In patients with ovarian cancer, 40% have type O blood, and 44% have type A blood.

　　9. Other diseases:For example, the incidence of cervical cancer in patients with cervicitis is 10-20 times higher than that in normal people.

　　II. Infection factors

　　1. Human papillomavirus (HPV):Currently, more than a hundred subtypes have been found, among which 35 can cause reproductive tract infections. The detection rate of HPV in cervical cancer can reach 99.8%; the detection rate is also high in vulvar cancer and ovarian cancer.

　　2. Herpes simplex virus type 2:In cervical cancer patients, 83% are positive for HSV-2 antibodies, 52% in cervicitis, and only 30% in normal cervix.

　　3. Other viruses:Human immunodeficiency virus, human cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, EB virus, and others can all cause cancer.

　　4. Other infections:For example, aflatoxin derivatives can cause ovarian cancer.

　　III. Lifestyle factors

　　1. Diet and nutrients:60% of female tumors are related to diet and nutrition. For example, excessive fat intake can increase the risk of ovarian cancer by 50%; drinking coffee for more than 40 years can increase the risk of ovarian cancer by 3.4 times, etc.

　　2. Tobacco and alcohol:The study shows that if the RR of uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma in non-smokers is 1.00, then the RR of those smoking 10-29 cigarettes per day is 1.82, and the RR of those smoking ≥30 cigarettes per day is 2.56, P

　　3. Sexual behavior, sexually transmitted diseases, and male factors:The survey results in Jiangxi: the prevalence rate of hydatidiform mole among those who marry ≤19 years old is 514/100,000, and for those who marry ≥30 years old, it is 89/100,000. The survey in Beijing (1979):

　　4. Family planning measures:Oral contraceptives have a protective effect on preventing ovarian cancer.

　　5. Physical and cultural activities:Lack of physical and cultural activities is prone to endometrial cancer (Littman, 2001).

　　4. Hygiene and medical factors

　　1. Health work policies:National policies focusing on people's livelihood can significantly reduce the prevalence rate of cancer. For example, vigorously carrying out disease screening and treatment programs.

　　2. Treatment and diagnosis issues:Early detection and early treatment. Inadequate treatment such as postoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy is the main cause of recurrence of cancer.

　　3. Exogenous female hormones:The use of estrogen replacement therapy alone can increase the RR of endometrial cancer to 4.1. For women over 50 years old, the incidence rate of endometrial cancer is 1% after using estrogen for 5 years alone, but if used for 10 years or more, this rate increases to 36%.

　　5. Humanistic and social factors

　　1. Year:In recent years, the incidence of vaginal in situ cancer has increased, but the invasive cancer has not changed much. The ratio of cervical cancer to endometrial cancer has reversed. The prevalence rate of ovarian cancer has increased threefold in the past 40 years. In the past 10 years, the prevalence rate of ovarian cancer has increased by 30%, and the mortality rate has increased by 18% (Gao Yongliang, 2001).

　　2. Urban-rural differences:The prevalence rate of ovarian cancer in large cities is 15.3/100,000; in medium-sized cities, it is 12.6/100,000. The prevalence rate of cervical cancer is also higher in large cities and lower in small towns, but the mortality rate in rural areas is three times higher than that in large cities.

　　3. Regional differences:The prevalence rate of ovarian cancer is the highest in Northern Europe (15.1/100,000), the lowest in Central America (1.9/100,000), and also low in South Africa and East Asia. The incidence rate of hydatidiform mole in mainland China is 80/100,000 pregnancies, which is about twice as high as in Europe and the United States.

　　4. Economic income and educational level:The incidence of cervical cancer among agricultural populations with low economic, cultural, and health levels is several to dozens of times higher than that among urban women of the same age.

　　6. Environmental factors

　　1. Geographical factors:The incidence of hydatidiform mole is low in mountainous areas and high in coastal areas. The incidence of cervical cancer is higher in mountainous areas than in plains.

　　2. Physical and chemical factors:It is generally believed that 80% to 90% of the occurrence of cancer is directly or indirectly related to the environment, and 80% of environmental factors are chemical. Such as nitrosamines, coal tar, alkylating agents, etc.

　　7. Genetic factors

　　It is generally believed that genetic factors account for only 10% of the causes of gynecological malignant tumors. In the etiology of ovarian cancer, those related to genetic factors account for only 2.5% to 7% (Wang Xizhi, 2001). Reports indicate that 5% to 8% of ovarian cancer cases belong to genetic susceptible individuals, among whom 70% are affected by the hereditary ovarian cancer- breast cancer syndrome (Gao Yongliang, 2001). Uterine fibroids may also have genetic factors, with a chromosomal abnormality detection rate of 30%. The prevalence rate of those with a family history is 2.2 times higher than that of the general population. The incidence of uterine fibroids among African Americans is 3.4 times higher than that among whites.

　　Ovarian tubal lesions are also prone to coexist with corpus adenocarcinoma of the uterus and cervical cancer. Gynecological tumors cause great harm to women, and malignant tumors seriously endanger women's health, so timely treatment is essential.

　　Once a woman has gynecological tumors, she usually has the following manifestations:

　　1. Distinguish vaginal bleeding from normal menstruation:Vaginal bleeding often manifests as increased menstrual flow, prolonged menstrual period, irregular bleeding, or discharge of bloodwater, with a change in the color of blood.

　　2. Changes in vaginal discharge:Normal vaginal discharge should be white paste-like or egg white-like, clear, odorless, and in small amounts. When the amount of vaginal discharge increases, the color changes, such as thick, bloody, watery, or with an odor, it is necessary to seek medical attention in time.

　　3. The appearance of a mass in the lower abdomen:Through pelvic examination, an enlarged uterus and mass can be palpated. A large mass may be felt in the abdomen. It may have a cystic feeling, or a solid feeling, with different degrees of softness and hardness.

　　4. Lower abdominal pain is often caused by gynecological diseases:Tumors can cause lower abdominal pain, such as tumor pedicle torsion, rupture, inflammation, hemorrhage, and ascites, which can all cause varying degrees of lower abdominal pain. An enlarged tumor can compress the anus, causing a feeling of坠胀.

　　5. Changes in urination and defecation:Tumor compression or invasion can cause urinary retention, frequent urination, hematochezia, even urinary fistula or fecal fistula.

　　These are common symptoms of gynecological tumors. Regardless of the symptoms, whether mild or severe, it is necessary to seek medical attention in time. Pelvic examination and various auxiliary examinations can basically determine the condition.

　　1. Promote late marriage and late childbearing:Research has shown that women who marry or engage in sexual activity before the age of 20 have twice the risk of cervical cancer compared to other women.

　　2, Prevent unclean sexual life:Studies have shown that individuals with irregular sexual life have a 2-3 times higher risk of developing cervical cancer.

　　3. Cure chronic gynecological diseases:Chronic cervical inflammation, erosion, leukoplakia, trichomoniasis, and candidiasis infections may induce cervical cancer.

　　4. Regular examination:It is necessary to have regular gynecological examinations, especially women over 45 years old should have a gynecological examination and cervical smear once a year.

　　5. Dietary structure adjustment:It is beneficial to prevent ovarian cancer by reducing the intake of foods containing saturated fatty acids and increasing the consumption of vegetables in the diet.

　　6. Oral contraceptives:Oral contraceptives can reduce the risk of ovarian cancer.

　　There are many types of gynecological tumors, and the physiological structure of women is more complex, with diverse tumor manifestations and atypical symptoms. Common clinical examination methods include ultrasound, HCG determination, and pelvic examination.

1. A diverse diet rich in nutrition, mainly plant-based, should be chosen, which includes various vegetables, fruits, and legumes. However, this does not mean vegetarianism, but plant-based foods should occupy more than 2/3 of the meals; 2. Maintain an appropriate weight, with the average Body Mass Index (BMI = weight/height^2 in meters) staying between 21-25 throughout the adult stage, while the individual's BMI should be between 18.5-25 to avoid underweight or overweight, and the weight gain during the entire adult period should be limited to 5 kilograms; 3. Persistence in physical activity: If you have a job that involves light or moderate physical activity, you should engage in about 1 hour of brisk walking or similar exercise daily, and at least 1 hour of more intense sweating exercise per week; 4. Encourage the consumption of more vegetables and fruits throughout the year, so that they provide 7% of the total energy. The experts at Guangzhou Renai Hospital's Department of Gynecology said that eating a variety of vegetables and fruits every day, reaching 400g-800g per day; 5. Choose staple foods rich in starch and protein, which should account for 45%-60% of the total energy. The total energy provided by refined sugar should be limited to less than 10%. The daily intake of starch-rich foods should reach 600g-800g, and it is also recommended to consume as much as possible unprocessed foods; 6. Do not drink alcohol, especially against excessive drinking. If alcohol is to be consumed, men should limit it to 2 glasses, and women to 1 glass or less (1 glass is defined as 250ml of beer, 100ml of wine, or 25ml of白酒). Pregnant women, children, and adolescents should not drink alcohol; 7. The intake of red meat (referring to beef, mutton, pork, and their products) should be less than 10% of the total energy, and less than 80g per day, and it is best to choose fish, poultry, or meat from non-domestic animals; 8. The energy provided by total fat and oils should account for 15%-30% of the total energy. Limit foods with high fat content, especially those with high animal fat. Plant oils should also be consumed in moderation and should be chosen with lower hydrogenation and high monounsaturated fat content; 9. Limit salt: The daily intake of salt from various sources should not exceed 6g, including salted food products; 10. Strive to reduce the contamination of food by molds. It should be avoided to eat food contaminated with mold toxins or stored for a long time at room temperature; 11. Preservation of perishable food: Easy-to-spoil food should be stored in the refrigerator or other appropriate methods when purchased and at home; 12. Regulations and monitoring of the safe use of food additives, residues, and various chemical pollutants should be established and monitored. The presence of additives, pollutants, and residues in food is harmless when their content is below the national规定的 levels, but misuse or improper use may affect health; 13. Nutritional supplements: Supplements cannot reduce the risk of cancer. Most people should obtain various nutrients from their diet rather than using nutritional supplements; 14. Preparation and cooking of food: When cooking meat and fish, use lower temperatures, do not eat charred meat and fish, and do not eat grilled, smoked, or smoked meat and fish frequently;.

　　1. Gynecological Laparoscopy Therapy

　　Suitable for various gynecological tumors about 7cm in size, only requiring the opening of 3 small holes about 5mm in diameter on the abdomen, the entire operation is visually observable, preserving the uterus and fertility, leaving no scars, no incisions, quick recovery, and no seasonal restrictions, you can be discharged within 3-4 days.

　　This method can also be used to treat ectopic pregnancy, pelvic adhesions, endometriosis, ovarian endometriotic cysts, benign teratoma of the ovary, various benign ovarian cysts, tubal sterilization, tubal reanastomosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, uterine fibroid resection, hysterectomy, and early cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, and other surgical procedures.

　　2. Radiofrequency Ablation

　　Suitable for submucosal fibroids between the muscle wall with a diameter of less than 4cm, it is a minimally invasive treatment method that can preserve the patient's fertility. It is less painful, quick to recover, does not require hospitalization, and can perfectly preserve the integrity of the patient's reproductive system.

　　3. Traditional laparotomy

　　Completely remove the fibroids, suitable for various uterine fibroids without surgical contraindications, and patients without fertility requirements.

　　4. Combination of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine

　　Suitable for patients with small fibroids or approaching menopause, without clinical symptoms, belonging to conservative therapy, no hospitalization is required, preserving the uterus, and stable efficacy.

　　Gynecological diseases are different from other diseases, and different types of diseases can occur at different age stages, such as adolescence, childbearing age, and menopause, each with its own disease characteristics. Some diseases are related to menstruation and pregnancy, and sometimes they are similar in both physiology and pathology, but there are differences. Some systemic malignant diseases can metastasize to the reproductive organs, and malignant gynecological tumors can also metastasize to some organs and the whole body.

　　Gynecological tumors are divided into benign and malignant, and both benign and malignant tumors have cystic and solid types. According to different locations, they can be divided into: vulvar tumors, vaginal tumors, uterine tumors, ovarian tumors, and fallopian tube tumors. Uterine and ovarian tumors are more common, while vulvar and fallopian tube tumors are rare.

　　1. Uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumor:The occurrence of myoma is more common in the 30-50 age group, with the highest frequency between 40-50 years old, and it is rare under the age of 20. According to statistics, about 1/3 of women have varying degrees of uterine fibroids, often due to the small size of the fibroids, without symptoms, and not diagnosed without gynecological examination. Generally, when the fibroids are small and do not significantly affect the menstrual cycle, treatment can be temporarily avoided. After menopause, due to changes in hormone levels, the uterus and ovaries will atrophy, and the fibroids will also shrink accordingly, but regular checks are needed. If the fibroids gradually grow larger, some fibroids can affect the menstrual cycle, resulting in significant increase in menstrual volume, prolonged menstrual period, and easy to cause anemia. Or if the fibroids undergo degeneration, timely treatment is required. The incidence of malignant transformation of uterine fibroids is relatively low.

　　2. Ovarian tumors are divided into benign tumors and malignant tumors, and benign ovarian tumors may also transform into malignant ones:Ovarian tumors are diverse and complex, and other primary malignant tumors in the body can also metastasize to the ovaries, such as breast, intestinal, and stomach tumors. When ovarian tumors are found, whether benign or malignant, they should be examined in the hospital in a timely manner. Benign tumors can be treated with surgery, and malignant tumors can also be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.

　　(1) Ovarian cancer treatment prescription and folk remedy:

　　Prescription: Gebie Xiaobu Decoction: 15g of Gebie虫, 15g of toad, 15g of Dafuling, 15g of Zhuling, 15g of Dangshen, 18g of Baihuashe Shecao, 18g of Yiren, 18g of Banzhilian, 10g of Sanlie, 10g of Baizhu, 12g of Yizhu, 3g of Gancao. Decocted 3 times, taken 3 times a day. If there is no obvious reaction, it can be taken continuously for 2-3 months or more.

　　Efficacy: Pan Mingji and others achieved certain efficacy in the treatment of ovarian cancer with this recipe.

　　Remedy: 30g of walnut branch, 30g of purple root, decocted in water for oral administration.

　　3. Cervical cancer is one of the common malignant tumors in gynecology:The onset is related to sexual activity before 18 years old, marriage before 20 years old, early childbirth, multiple marriages, chaotic sexual life, multiple births, and dense childbirth. It is also related to economic status, race, and geographical environment. Currently, China is continuously strengthening women's health care work, widely carrying out cancer screening, early detection, and early treatment, which has significantly improved the cure rate.

　　4. Endometrial cancer is one of the common malignant tumors in gynecology, which is a lesion of the endometrium and is more common in elderly women:The cause is related to the long-term stimulation of estrogen and hyperplasia of the endometrium. Women with obesity, hypertension, and diabetes are prone to occur, and women with prolonged menopause or late menopause are also prone to occur. There are genetic factors, which are related to family history.

　　5. Gestational trophoblastic disease includes molar pregnancy and choriocarcinoma, which are related to pregnancy:Molar pregnancy appears in the early stage of pregnancy. Choriocarcinoma occurs after abortion, delivery, or ectopic pregnancy. Choriocarcinoma that continues to occur for more than one year after molar pregnancy is also diagnosed as choriocarcinoma. When there is irregular vaginal bleeding, one should not be negligent and should go to the hospital for necessary examinations in a timely manner.