Cervical cysts

　　The cause of cervical cyst formation is similar to that of 'acne' on the face. It is during the healing process of cervical erosion that the newly formed squamous epithelium covers the cervix gland duct or extends into the duct, blocking the gland orifice; the connective tissue around the gland ducts proliferates or scar formation compresses the ducts, causing the ducts to become narrow or even blocked, obstructing the drainage of gland secretions, and leading to the formation of cysts called cervical Nabothian cysts.
　　During chronic cervicitis, the cervix glands and surrounding tissues all proliferate. When the gland ducts are compressed by surrounding tissues, the gland orifices are blocked, causing the secretions within the glands to be unable to flow out and accumulate inside, resulting in the expansion of the gland cavity and the formation of cystic masses of varying sizes, known as 'cervical gland retention cysts', also known as Nabothian cysts. The contained mucus is often clear and transparent, but may become cloudy and purulent due to concurrent infection. Cysts are generally small and scattered, and can protrude from the surface of the cervix. The small ones are only as big as millet seeds, while the large ones can reach the size of corn kernels, appearing in a light green color, and may be accompanied by erosion, but they are also common in cervixes with smooth surfaces. Due to the long-term stimulation of chronic inflammation, the cervix tissue repeatedly experiences congestion, edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and proliferation of connective tissue, leading to hypertrophy of the cervix. In severe cases, the cervix can be more than twice the size of a normal cervix. In severe inflammation, it can lead to abnormal menstruation and even infertility.

　　Due to the close relationship between chronic cervicitis and cervical cancer, a few patients with cervical cysts may have a tendency to become malignant under the stimulation of long-term inflammation. Patients should still have a cervical smear test every year to exclude the possibility of malignancy. Cervical cysts are a common gynecological disease, divided into cervical Nabothian cysts and cervical glandular cysts. If not treated in a timely manner, the disease may lead to malignancy. The spread of inflammation may also cause pelvic inflammatory disease, adnexitis, endometritis, and even infertility in severe cases. Due to the long-term stimulation of chronic inflammation, the cervix tissue repeatedly experiences congestion, edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and proliferation of connective tissue, leading to hypertrophy of the cervix. Under long-term inflammation stimulation, a few patients with chronic cervicitis have a tendency to become malignant, so high attention should still be paid to it.

　　There are usually no obvious symptoms, while the main symptoms of chronic cervicitis are increased leukorrhea. Due to different pathogens, the color and amount of leukorrhea may vary. It can be sticky or purulent, sometimes with streaks of blood or a small amount of blood, and can also have contact bleeding. Pain in the lower abdomen or lower back may occur, and pelvic prolapse or dysmenorrhea may occur, often exacerbated during menstruation, defecation, or sexual intercourse. In addition, irregular menstruation and infertility may occur.

　　During examination, multiple cysts of different sizes can be seen protruding on the surface of the cervix (not purple), containing mucus. The small ones are the size of grains, and the large ones are the size of corn kernels. Some can grow very large, protruding on the surface of the cervix, even reaching the vaginal orifice. The base is connected to the cervix by a pedicle, often accompanied by cervical hypertrophy. Cervical cysts are a manifestation of chronic cervicitis, and cervical gland cysts, also known as Nabothian cysts, are formed during the healing process of cervical erosion, where the secretions within the glands cannot be excreted, and the newly formed squamous epithelium overgrows and blocks the cervical gland ducts. They are generally small and scattered, protruding on the surface of the cervix, appearing blue-white and retained within the glands to form cysts of varying sizes.

　　After secondary infection, it can present as yellowish small cysts, which do not belong to tumors. Cervical gland cysts are characterized by multiple small, whitish cysts protruding on the surface of the cervix, containing colorless jelly-like substances. If infected, the small cysts often appear white or pale yellow. In chronic cervical inflammation, the glands and surrounding tissues of the cervix are hyperplastic. When the glands are compressed by surrounding tissues, the gland orifices are blocked, causing the secretions within the glands to be retained internally, leading to the expansion of the gland cavity and the formation of cystic masses of varying sizes, known as 'cervical gland retention cysts', also known as Nabothian cysts. The contained mucus is often clear and transparent, but may become cloudy and purulent due to concurrent infection. Cysts are generally small and scattered, and can protrude on the surface of the cervix.

　　To prevent cervical cysts, the following points should be noted:

　　1. Pay attention to hygiene in daily life, keep the vulva clean, and prevent pathogenic bacteria from entering.

　　2. Avoid damage to the cervix during childbirth. If cervical laceration is found, it should be sutured promptly and antibiotics should be used.

　　3. Implement family planning, adopt contraception measures, and try to avoid mechanical damage to the cervix from multiple abortions. At the same time, gynecological surgical operations should be strictly sterile to prevent iatrogenic infections and injuries.

　　4. Pay attention to hygiene during menstruation, abortion, and postpartum periods. Sexual intercourse and bathtub should be strictly prohibited after childbirth to prevent pathogenic bacteria from entering.

　　5. Pay attention to physical exercise and proper nutrition and hygiene to ensure physical and mental health.

　　6. Regular gynecological examinations should be conducted to detect cervical inflammation and receive active treatment.

　　7. Maintain a moderate sexual life and avoid overexertion. Pay attention to sexual hygiene, and the partner should pay attention to cleaning the prepuce of the penis.

　　8. During the treatment of chronic cervicitis, sexual intercourse should be prohibited. Stop local medication during the menstrual period. Abstain from spicy and greasy foods during treatment.

　　9. The acute stage of cervicitis should be controlled and treated thoroughly to prevent it from turning into chronic cervicitis.

　　Cervical smear examination: Under long-term inflammatory stimulation, a small number of chronic cervicitis patients have a tendency to malignancy, so it still needs to be highly concerned. Therefore, cervical cyst patients should have a cervical smear examination every year to exclude cervical cancer and precancerous diseases.

　　Colposcopy examination: It is direct and clear, allowing direct detection of the affected area, diagnosis of abnormal lesions, and determination of the severity of the lesions as a basis for treatment. Colposcope is a magnifying glass equipped with a strong light source. Since the colposcope can magnify the lesions 10-40 times, it can observe the subtle changes on the cervical epithelium that are not visible to the naked eye. With the assistance of 3%-5% acetic acid solution, it can differentiate whether the changes in cervical cells are benign or malignant; biopsy under colposcopic positioning can detect precancerous and cancerous changes early.

　　Combining cervical scraping and colposcopy can improve the probability of diagnosis and is an important measure for early treatment of cervical diseases and other reproductive tract diseases.

　　B-ultrasound examination: Cervical cysts are a common disease in gynecological ultrasound diagnosis. In recent years, with the development of ultrasound diagnostic technology, the detection rate of cervical cysts has increased significantly. As age increases, the detection rate of cervical cysts also increases, especially the incidence rate is significantly higher after the age of 50.

　　The size of the cysts varies, generally small and scattered. They can appear alone or in multiples. They can occur at any part of the cervix. Since in gynecological examinations, the speculum can only detect cysts at the external os of the cervix, while the ultrasound can display cysts at all parts of the cervix, with a detection rate of up to 100%, so the B-ultrasound examination has improved the diagnostic rate and also provided convenience for clinical treatment.

　　TCT examination: It is an advanced cervical lesion grading cytological examination technology internationally. Compared with the traditional Papanicolaou stain examination, the satisfaction rate of specimens and the detection rate of cervical abnormal cells can reach above 95%.

　　HPV-DNA detection: HPV infection is a necessary factor in the development of cervical cancer. Colposcopy can observe the surface lesion condition, but it is often late-stage lesions. Therefore, HPV-DNA detection can help in early detection and timely treatment of cancerous changes in the early stage.

　　Cervical cysts require a moderate intake of vitamins. Vitamin A can enhance resistance, while Vitamin B can stimulate appetite. Vitamin D helps in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, ensuring normal development of bones and teeth. In areas with sufficient sunlight, additional Vitamin D supplementation may not be necessary. It is advisable to consume foods that have anti-tumor and anti-white spot effects on the vulva, such as sesame seeds, almonds, wheat, barley, cucurbita moschata, black-bone chicken, cuttlefish, snake, pig pancreas, chrysanthemum, black plum, peach, lychee, portulaca oleracea, chicken blood, eel, abalone, crab, tetrodon, sardine, mermaid, and clam.

　　Oral Decoction of Traditional Chinese Medicine:Lonicera japonica, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Patrinia scabiosaefolia, Taraxacum mongolicum, Dipsacus asper, Herba Uncariae, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Rubia cordifolia, Fructus Meliae, Magnolia officinalis, Semen Trapa, Rhizoma Corydalis, Rhizoma Cyperus, etc.; add Raw Rehmannia and Schisandra chinensis for kidney Yin deficiency; add Osteospermum for low corpus luteum level; add Codonopsis pilosula, Astragalus membranaceus, and Atractylodes macrocephala for Qi deficiency; add Herba Epimedii and Eucommia ulmoides for lumbar and sacral pain; add Citrus reticulata and Fructus Meliae for irritability and anger; reduce the dosage of Aconitum carmichaelii by half and add Taraxacum mongolicum, Viola yedoensis, Polygonum hydropiper, Spatholobus suberectus, and Hedyotis diffusa for heat and dry stools; add Bupleurum chinense, Prunella vulgaris, and Scutellaria baicalensis for fever; add Sparganium stoloniferum, Alisma orientale, Atractylodes macrocephala, and Polygonum cuspidatum for dampness; add Pollen Typhae, Speranskia tuberosa, Curcuma, and Tripterygium for blood stasis; add Arisaema, Sargassum, Laminaria, Ostrea gigas, and Litchi chinensis for phlegm. Take one dose of the above formula daily in decoction, 30 doses as one course.

　　Decoct and take internally:The formula for treating cervical cysts with traditional Chinese medicine, strictly composed of herbs such as Semen Trapa, Radix Achyranthis Bidentata, Caulis Spatholobus, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Radix Scutellariae, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Semen Pruni Persicae, etc. All herbs are collected from the 'Natural Medicine Depository' Leigong Mountain, as the natural conditions such as landform, climate, and soil of Leigong Mountain are very superior, the herbs cultivated there are all pure in nature, strong in efficacy, and high in medicinal value.

　　Oral Powder:American ginseng, cervine antler slices, Prunella vulgaris, Catechu, Semen Cuscutae, etc., ground into fine powder after traditional Chinese medicine processing. For those who have difficulty swallowing the powder, the medicine powder can be filled into capsules.

　　Enema Decoction of Traditional Chinese Medicine:Spatholobus, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Rubia cordifolia, Tripterygium, Curcuma, Phellodendron, Patrinia scabiosaefolia, Veronica officinalis, and Sarcossis. Decoct and concentrate to 100-150ml, with a drug liquid temperature of about 38-39℃, retain enema after emptying the bowels at night, 10-15 times as one course, can be used for 2-3 courses, stop using during menstruation.

　　External Application Decoction of Traditional Chinese Medicine:Herbs such as Herba Epimedii, Herba et Rhizoma seu Radix Scutellariae, Tripterygium, Curcuma, Saposhnikovia, Dryobalanops, Frankincense, Dragon's Blood, Myrrha, Radix et Rhizoma Cynanchi Atrati, Herba Angelicae Sinensis, Folium Artemisiae Argyi, and Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata Combinata. Apply warm compress to the lower abdomen with wet gauze soaked in decoction, avoid using for those with skin allergies.