Intestinal emphysema syndrome

　　The cause of pneumatocele is unclear. Under the condition of increased intraluminal pressure, intestinal gas enters the intestinal wall along the tissue spaces from the ulcer or ulcerated site, and low-toxic gas-producing bacilli enter the lymphatic vessels from the intestinal mucosa, reproduce and produce gas to form emphysema. The appearance of the cyst is similar to that of a polyp or lymphangioma, and the cross-section is honeycomb-like. There is connective tissue around the cyst, and the cyst is not connected with the intestinal lumen, leading to the manifestation of intestinal distension.

　　1. Intestinal obstruction

　　Refers to the obstruction of the passage of intestinal contents, which is commonly known as an intestinal blockage. Here, the intestines usually refer to the small intestine (jejunum, ileum) and colon (ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon). Acute intestinal obstruction is one of the most common surgical acute abdominal diseases, which can be frequently encountered in the emergency room. Due to various reasons, the mortality rate is still relatively high, about 5% to 10%; if intestinal strangulation occurs again, the mortality rate can rise to 10% to 20%.

　　2. Intussusception

　　Intussusception refers to the twisting of a segment of intestinal loop along its mesenteric longitudinal axis by more than 180 degrees, which can be clockwise or counterclockwise, causing complete or partial obstruction of the intestinal tubes at both ends, thus producing a闭袢性肠梗阻and compression of the mesenteric vessels. Intussusception is a strangulating intestinal obstruction. The twisted intestinal tube quickly develops necrosis, perforation, and peritonitis, which is a type of intestinal obstruction with severe condition and rapid development. If it is not treated in time, the mortality rate is high (10% to 33%).

　　3. Pneumoperitoneum

　　The phenomenon of free gas in the abdominal cavity. It is often caused by gastrointestinal perforation and other factors. It is manifested as the disappearance of the liver dullness area on abdominal percussion. When the patient stands for X-ray examination, free gas can be seen below the diaphragm. If there is an acute gastric or intestinal perforation due to peptic ulcer or typhoid fever, etc., immediate surgical treatment is required. Pneumoperitoneum caused by the need for diagnosis and treatment to inject gas into the abdominal cavity is called artificial pneumoperitoneum.

　　The clinical symptoms are relatively mild, and there may be lower abdominal pain, mucous soft stools, diarrhea with bubbles, which can lead to gastrointestinal bleeding, intestinal obstruction, intussusception, pneumoperitoneum, etc. The cause of pneumatocele is unclear. Under the condition of increased intraluminal pressure, intestinal gas enters the intestinal wall along the tissue spaces from the ulcer or ulcerated site, and low-toxic gas-producing bacilli enter the lymphatic vessels from the intestinal mucosa, reproduce and produce gas to form emphysema.

　　1. Pay attention to fasting, gastrointestinal decompression, maintaining water and electrolyte balance, anti-infection, and nutrition.

　　2. Avoid heavy physical labor immediately after a full meal, especially labor that requires the body to lean forward and rotate, which has a certain significance for preventing intestinal torsion.

　　3. Attention should be paid to reducing intra-abdominal pressure.

　　4. Do not eat greasy food and should be based on easily digestible food.

　　5. Regular inspections are still necessary, and it is necessary to go to a regular hospital's department of surgery for examination when necessary to determine the cause.

　　1. X-ray direct signs include double marginal signs along the intestinal wall or gas bands along the long axis of the intestine or scattered arranged localized circular gas accumulation shadows.

　　2. After barium enema, there may be cystic radiolucent areas of varying sizes along the intestinal wall margin or in the lumen, indirect signs may include pneumoperitoneum, mediastinal emphysema, interposed small intestine or colon.

　　3. Fiberoptic colonoscopy may show circular pale blue polypoid soft tissue masses protruding into the lumen, biopsy may show exhaust and cyst collapse.

　　What kind of food is good for the body for intestinal emphysema syndrome:

　　Eat light and nutritious food. The patient's diet should be light and easy to digest, eat more vegetables and fruits, rationally match the diet, and pay attention to adequate nutrition. In addition, patients should also pay attention to avoiding spicy, greasy, and cold foods.

　　For diseases related to the treatment, hyperbaric oxygen therapy can be used. For severe patients or those with severe complications, surgical resection can be performed, but it is prone to recurrence.

　　First, surgical treatment

　　1. Torsion reset operation:The twisted intestinal loop needs to be rotated and reset in the opposite direction of the twist, and it is also necessary to solve the problem of preventing recurrence.

　　2. Intestinal resection:It is suitable for cases with intestinal necrosis. The small intestine should be resected and anastomosed in one stage. The sigmoid colon is generally resected and the necrotic intestinal segment is excised, and the distal end is made into an enterostomy. The enterostomy is then performed in a second-stage operation, which is safer.

　　Second, non-surgical treatment

　　Although there are reports of successful non-surgical treatment, if non-surgical treatment is ineffective, it must be quickly changed to surgical treatment for safety. Indications:

　　1. Early intestinal torsion with good general condition, blood pressure, and pulse basically normal.

　　2. Without peritoneal irritation symptoms, signs, or明显 improvement after initial non-surgical treatment.

　　3. It can also be tried for elderly, weak patients, or those with twisted intestines without obstruction and onset over 2 days.