Vomiting and diarrhea

　　The common causes of vomiting and diarrhea include the following:

　　Gastroenteritis:is one of the most common causes of vomiting and diarrhea, which can occur in infants, children, and adults. Gastroenteritis can be caused by many different viruses, with rotavirus being the most common pathogen. Half of the young babies hospitalized with diarrhea are infected with this virus, which is prevalent at the end of autumn and the beginning of winter.

　　Bacterial infectionSevere vomiting and diarrhea, accompanied by abdominal pain, bloody stools, and fever, are often caused by viral or bacterial infections. Some of these infections can be self-healing, but some can also be very serious.

　　Parasitic infection:Parasitic infections are also one of the causes of vomiting and diarrhea. For example, giardiasis is caused by a type of parasite that lives in the intestines and can only be seen under a microscope. Parasites are easily spread in collective living and require special medication. Therefore, developing good hygiene habits, such as washing hands after changing diapers, is the best way to prevent the spread of parasitic infections.

　　Antibiotics:Some antibiotics used improperly can cause dysbiosis of intestinal flora, leading to vomiting and diarrhea.

　　Food factors:Vomiting and diarrhea caused by improper diet.

　　Milk allergy:It is not uncommon for milk allergy to cause vomiting and diarrhea.

　　Acute viral myocarditis, known medically as myocarditis, is one of the most dangerous complications of vomiting and diarrhea. Some cases of vomiting and diarrhea can be caused by viruses. The most common virus that causes myocarditis is enterovirus, known as Coxsackievirus, which can directly enter myocardial cells and cause damage, or produce certain harmful substances that damage myocardial cells, leading to myocardial degeneration. It can also affect the pericardium and endocardium. If it invades the heart's pacemaker system, it can be life-threatening.

　　Cerebrovascular accidents are an overlooked complication that can cause elderly people to die from acute vomiting and diarrhea. During vomiting and diarrhea, a large amount of water and sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium ions are excreted from the body through feces. The loss of water puts the body in a state of dehydration, reduces blood volume, increases blood viscosity, slows down blood flow, and is prone to form thrombi that block blood vessels. This can lead to coronary artery blockage causing angina and myocardial infarction, and cerebral vascular blockage causing ischemic stroke. Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are important cations in the body. In addition to maintaining acid-base balance in the blood, they play a crucial role in maintaining nerve conduction function and heart rate rhythm. Deficiency can cause serious arrhythmias and sudden death.

　　During hypoglycemia caused by vomiting and diarrhea, appetite usually decreases, leading to insufficient food intake. At this time, it is necessary to break down stored glycogen in the body to maintain blood glucose stability. However, elderly people do not have enough stored glycogen to be converted into blood glucose. When blood glucose levels drop, elderly people are more prone to fatigue, sweating, palpitations, pale complexion, and syncope, a series of symptoms of hypoglycemia. The normal blood glucose concentration is 3.9～6.2 mmol/L. When the blood glucose concentration is below 3.0 mmol/L, mental symptoms may occur even leading to coma, often causing sudden death.

　　Dehydration and acidosis are the main causes of death in acute vomiting and diarrhea. Normally, carbon dioxide produced by metabolic processes in the body is exhaled through respiration, while other waste products need to be transported by water and excreted from the body through the kidneys as urine. When dehydrated, the urine volume decreases due to the loss of body water, and in severe cases, there may be no urine. This will reduce the excretion of waste products produced by the body's metabolism and accumulate them in the body, causing symptoms of poisoning in the body. In addition to changes in respiration, symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and neurological symptoms may also occur.

　　After vomiting and diarrhea due to recurrent stomach problems, the body's digestive function gradually decreases, and the intestinal resistance to diseases also weakens, increasing the burden on gastrointestinal function and often leading to the recurrence of stomach problems.

　　When consuming bad food, suffering from gastrointestinal flu, or having brain injuries such as meningitis and concussion, abnormal signals to the gastrointestinal tract can lead to vomiting and diarrhea. The typical symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea mainly include severe vomiting and diarrhea, often accompanied by abdominal pain, cramps,绞痛, fever, sweating, pale complexion, lack of energy, weakness, aversion to cold, and other symptoms of poisoning.

　　To prevent vomiting and diarrhea, the following points should be paid attention to in daily life:

　　1. Do not eat cold and raw food, as cold and raw food can easily cause vomiting and diarrhea

　　2. Do not eat a lot of fruit

　　3. Pay attention to dietary hygiene, develop good personal hygiene habits, remember to wash your hands before and after meals. Remember the warning 'Prevent diseases from entering the mouth' and strictly comply with it. Generally, you will not be related to vomiting and diarrhea.

　　4. Eat fresh food every day, and if there is too much food to eat that day, please throw it away and do not eat it the next day.

　　5. Eat less cold food, even if it is frozen fruit, it must be taken out of the refrigerator and placed for 1 hour, wait until the coolness is gone before eating.

　　6. Active prevention and treatment of the primary disease can effectively prevent the occurrence of vomiting and diarrhea

　　7. Take appropriate medication. Berberine tablets are a good medicine for preventing and treating vomiting and diarrhea. If you feel gastrointestinal discomfort after eating, or if the food eaten is not very fresh, you can take 2 to 3 berberine tablets immediately, which will definitely have a preventive effect.

　　The main examinations that need to be done for vomiting and diarrhea are:

　　1.X-ray examination Barium meal or barium enema examination can understand the functional state and peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract, and has important diagnostic value for malabsorption of the small intestine, intestinal tuberculosis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, lymphoma, colon cancer, etc.

　　2.UltrasoundCT or MRI examination can observe whether there are lesions related to vomiting and diarrhea in the liver, biliary tract, pancreas, and other organs, and can also provide evidence for intestinal tumor lesions.

　　3.Colonoscopy Colonoscopy has important diagnostic value for the lesions at the distal ileum, such as intestinal tuberculosis, Crohn's disease, other ulcerative lesions, as well as colonic lesions such as ulcerative colitis, colon, rectal polyps, and cancer, chronic schistosomiasis of the intestines, etc.

　　4.Retrograde cholangiopancreatography examination It has important diagnostic value for the lesions of the biliary tract and pancreas.

　　5.Enteroscopy examination Although enteroscopy is not widely conducted (a new enteroscopy is about to be launched), it has important diagnostic significance for malabsorption of the small intestine and Whipple's disease, etc. Under direct vision of enteroscopy, the condition of the small intestinal mucosa can be observed, and histopathological examination of the living tissue can determine the changes of microvilli and glands, etc.

　　6.Stool examination.

　　To avoid vomiting and diarrhea, attention should be paid to dietary health in daily life:

　　1. Vinegar tea: Brew 3 grams of tea leaves with boiling water, add 2 milliliters of aged vinegar after 5 minutes, and drink it. Drink vinegar tea 3 times a day, which is very good for treating diarrhea and dysentery.

　　2. Eating garlic: Take the two ends of a garlic bulb, peel it, and burn it over a fire until it is charred, then boil it in a bowl of water for 7 minutes. Drink the soup on an empty stomach, twice a day, for 3 consecutive days. It can help to reduce inflammation and解毒, and treat chronic diarrhea that does not heal.

　　3, Eat garlic Take the two ends of the garlic, burn it black with the skin on the fire, then boil it in a bowl of water for 7 minutes. Drink the soup on an empty stomach, twice a day, for 3 days. It can eliminate inflammation and detoxify, and treat chronic diarrhea that does not heal.

　　4, Garlic and tea slices the garlic, a spoonful of tea, add water to boil, boil for another two minutes, and drink it while hot. Two or three times can recover.

　　5, Fermented plum wine This is a well-known folk remedy. Select several plums, wash and drain, soak in white wine and bottle it. It can be eaten after several days. The longer the soaking time, the better. When taking, eat a few plums and a spoonful of plum wine, which is effective for diarrhea, nausea, and headache.

　　Treatment of vomiting and diarrhea is divided into two types:

　　1,Etiological treatment:Diarrhea caused by intestinal infection must be treated with antibiotics, and antibacterial treatment targeting the pathogen is the most ideal. For those with unknown causes, even if the symptoms have improved after symptomatic treatment, they must not relax or cancel the necessary examination steps, especially for cases that have not been excluded as malignant diseases.

　　Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, norfloxacin (Norfloxacin), ciprofloxacin (Ciprofloxacin), ofloxacin (Ofloxacin) are effective against bacterial dysentery, Salmonella or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori infection. Metronidazole is effective against amoebic colitis and trichomonas infection. Therefore, these drugs are often used for acute infectious diarrhea, including the prevention and treatment of so-called traveler's diarrhea and vomiting. To treat diarrhea caused by lactose intolerance and celiac disease, lactose or gluten-containing ingredients should be excluded from the diet respectively. The treatment principle for osmotic diarrhea is to stop eating or using food or drugs that cause osmotic effects. Secretory diarrhea is prone to severe dehydration and electrolyte loss. In addition to eliminating the cause, it is also necessary to actively supplement salt and glucose solutions by mouth and intravenously to correct dehydration. Cholestyramine can be used to adsorb bile acids and stop diarrhea caused by bile acid reabsorption disorder. To treat steatorrhea caused by bile acid deficiency, medium-chain triglycerides can be used instead of long-chain triglycerides in daily food, because the former do not need to be hydrolyzed by conjugated bile salts and form micelles and directly absorbed through the portal vein system.

　　2,Symptomatic treatment:When choosing medication, avoid addictive drugs, and even when necessary, they can only be used temporarily.

　　A common treatment is oral rehydration salt therapy, and another is zinc tablet therapy.