Seminal vesicle calculi

　　The composition of seminal vesicle calculi is extremely similar to that of pancreatic calculi. The formation of pancreatic calculi is related to abnormal expression of the gene encoding seminal vesicle calculi protein, and it is believed that the cause of seminal vesicle calculi is the lack of proteases in seminal fluid. Seminal vesicle calculi often accompany chronic inflammatory changes and fibrosis, and the seminal vesicle duct can be completely blocked. Seminal vesicle calculi can occur singly or multiply, with a core of epithelial cells and mucinous substances, externally deposited salts, with a diameter of 1-2mm, some reaching 1cm in size, with a relatively hard surface.

　　Spermatic cord stones can block the seminal duct, causing a decrease in seminal volume. At the same time, due to the contraction of the spermatic cord after sexual excitement, seminal fluid is pushed into the seminal duct. Due to the blockage by the stone, it can cause an increase in the pressure of the spermatic cord, thus increasing the possibility of spermatic cord rupture. At the same time, due to the injury of the mucosal blood vessels of the spermatic cord caused by pressure, blood components may be mixed with seminal fluid, known as hematospermia.

　　1. In the case of prostatitis, the spermatic cord can be dilated or shrunken, spherical, and poorly filled. The distal ampulla has a diverticulum-like change, and the spermatic duct usually shows no change.

　　2. In the case of benign prostatic hyperplasia, the spermatic cord and ampulla are dilated, symmetrically elevated, and the edges are smooth. The spermatic duct can be several times larger than normal, with an elongated lumen and convergence towards the midline. The concave surface normally facing inward becomes facing outward.

　　3. In the case of prostate cancer, the edge of the spermatic duct is irregular, with defects, deformities, stenosis, or sudden truncation. In severe cases, the spermatic cord and ampulla are deformed, with incomplete or no imaging, and the distal end of the seminal duct shows a rigid cat tail-like change.

　　Patients with spermatic cord stones often have no symptoms. They may also have pain in the inguinal area, which can radiate to the testicles and perineum. When the stone stays in the spermatic duct and blocks the excretion of seminal fluid, it can cause colic. Symptoms may worsen during erection or ejaculation. There may be blood in the seminal fluid.

　　Spermatic cord stones often accompany chronic inflammatory changes and fibrosis, and the spermatic duct can be completely blocked. Spermatic cord stones can occur singly or multiply, with the core consisting of epithelial cells and mucinous substances, and the outer deposition of salts. Regular sexual life can improve the fluidity of sperm storage in the spermatic cord, prevent seminal fluid from becoming concentrated and causing stone formation, so regular sexual life also has certain significance for the prevention of this disease.

　　1. Drink more water, do not hold urine

　　Do not hold urine. Drinking more and urinating more can help bacteria, carcinogens, and substances prone to forming stones be quickly excreted from the body, reducing the chance of kidney and bladder damage.

　　2. Reduce beer intake

　　Some people believe that beer can diuretic and prevent the occurrence of kidney stones. In fact, the malt juice in beer contains acidic substances such as calcium, oxalic acid, uridine nucleotides, and purine nucleotides, which can interact with each other to increase uric acid in the body, becoming an important cause of kidney stones.

　　3. Reduce the intake of meat and animal organs

　　Control the intake of meat and animal organs, as meat metabolism produces uric acid, and animal organs are high in purines, which can also produce high blood uric acid during metabolism. Uric acid is a component of kidney stones. Therefore, daily diet should be mainly vegetarian, and fiber-rich foods should be eaten more.

　　4. Reduce salt intake

　　Excessive salt intake can increase the workload on the kidneys, and salt and calcium have a synergistic effect in the body, which can interfere with the metabolism of drugs used for the prevention and treatment of kidney stones. The daily intake of salt should be less than 5 grams.

　　Seminal vesicle calculi are very rare. Urinary reflux, terminal urethral malformation, seminal duct obstruction, and chronic infection may be the causes of seminal vesicle and seminal duct calculi. The specific examination is as follows:

　　1. For patients with a short course of disease, rectal ultrasound examination shows an enlargement of the seminal vesicle,呈梭形, its distal end can be elliptical, the vesicle wall is rough and thickened, and there are dense fine echo spots with special tailing in the vesicle accompanied by calculi. For patients with a long course of disease lasting for several years, the seminal vesicle can be reduced in size.

　　2. CT cannot show the shape inside the seminal vesicle. When the spermatic duct is obstructed by inflammation, CT can show the expansion of the lumen, which is partially manifested as uneven low-density cystic expansion. There can be a little dense shadow-like change in the seminal vesicle.

　　3. Seminal vesicle imaging is currently mainly performed by direct puncture of the spermatic duct through the scrotal skin for seminal duct imaging. Narrowing and expansion can be seen on dynamic seminal duct imaging and immediate and extended images of seminal duct imaging.

　　The diet of seminal vesicle calculi patients should be light and easy to digest, eat more vegetables and fruits, reasonably match the diet, and pay attention to adequate nutrition. In addition, patients need to pay attention to avoid spicy, greasy, and cold foods.

　　For asymptomatic seminal vesicle calculi, treatment may not be required; if symptoms occur or obstruction worsens, symptomatic treatment and anti-infection treatment may be needed. There is currently no evidence to show that lithotripsy is effective.

　　In patients with seminal vesicle calculi complicated with benign prostatic hyperplasia, those with a diameter below 1.2mm may have the possibility of spontaneous excretion after the obstruction factor of the seminal duct is relieved by prostatectomy. If内科 treatment is ineffective and the symptoms are severe but the patient has already given birth, the only effective treatment method is to remove the seminal vesicle along with the calculus. For those who have not given birth, patients with partial obstruction of the spermatic duct due to seminal vesicle calculi, as their testicular spermatogenic function is still normal, according to the degree of inflammation, especially in the early stage of infection, the quality of semen can be improved by applying antibiotics or combining with a small amount of prednisone to relieve inflammation. For patients with severe obstruction of the spermatic duct caused by seminal vesicle calculi, leading to infertility, artificial insemination methods can be adopted. Some people use a silicone-made seminal vesicle implant under the skin, connect it to the epididymis duct, and then puncture the seminal fluid in the seminal vesicle for artificial insemination. There have been reports of successful pregnancies, and this technology is constantly being improved.