积水 in the fallopian tube

　　1. The occurrence of积水 in the fallopian tube ostium is more common in women with unclean sexual life, due to chronic salpingitis, leading to adhesion and obliteration, with the exudate and effluent in the fallopian tube lumen gradually accumulating.

　　2. The occurrence of积水 in the fallopian tube ostium is due to bacterial infection during childbirth or abortion. Bacteria enter the fallopian tube through the vagina, cervix, and uterine cavity, then form an infection, which spreads to the peritoneal cavity, causing peritonitis.

　　3. Long-term ligation of the fallopian tube can lead to the occurrence of积水 in the fallopian tube ostium. Some积水 in the fallopian tube is not caused by salpingitis, but is secondary to tubal sterilization surgery.

　　4. Some积水 in the fallopian tube ostium is transformed from the accumulation of pus. Since the pus cells and necrotic tissue within the lumen are engulfed by phagocytes, the pus gradually turns into a clear, watery fluid, causing the accumulation of fluid.

　　5. Abortion, spontaneous abortion, medical abortion, induction of labor, unclean sexual intercourse, pelvic infection, etc., can lead to adhesion, congestion, and edema of the fallopian tube wall, causing obstruction. This can be due to incomplete treatment or untimely treatment of acute salpingitis, or it can also be caused by inflammation triggered by incomplete abortion or residual placenta. Some individuals with intrauterine devices may develop chronic salpingitis, leading to thickening, hardening, adhesion, and narrowing of the fallopian tube lumen, with adhesion and obliteration occurring at different locations of the fallopian tube.

　　Hydrosalpinx can lead to infertility. Hydrosalpinx refers to the inflammation of the fallopian tube caused by pathogenic organisms, due to the infiltration of leukocytes, forming endometrial swelling, interstitial edema, and exudation. The fallopian tube mucosal epithelium is shed. If the acute inflammatory phase of the fallopian tube is not treated promptly and effectively, it can form hydrosalpinx. After the inflammation subsides, the pus is gradually absorbed, and the fluid in the cavity changes from purulent to serous, becoming hydrosalpinx. After infection, the fallopian tube swells slightly or moderately, and the ostium can be partially or completely occluded, and it can be adherent to surrounding tissues. If the ostium and isthmus of the fallopian tube are occluded due to inflammation, the serous exudate accumulates to form hydrosalpinx; sometimes, the pus in the hydrosalpinx is gradually absorbed, and the serous fluid continues to exude from the wall to fill the lumen, which can also form hydrosalpinx.

　　The surface of the hydrosalpinx is smooth, the wall is very thin. Since the mesosalpinx cannot be extended proportionally with the expansion of the hydrosalpinx sac wall, the hydrosalpinx bends towards the mesosalpinx side, resembling a sausage or a curved-neck distillation bottle, curling backward, which can be free or have a membranous adhesion with surrounding tissues. The mucosal folds are reduced, and there is a small amount of lymphocyte infiltration in the固有膜. If the ostium of the fallopian tube is completely occluded, it will lead to the blockage of the fallopian tube and affect fertility. Even if it is not completely occluded, due to the hydrosalpinx often destroying the fallopian tube mucosa, severe hydrosalpinx can even cause the complete loss of normal fallopian tube function, causing torsion of the fallopian tube, leading to hemorrhagic infarction, and it is one of the causes of gynecological acute abdomen.

　　Since the lumen of the expanded and non-expanded parts of the fallopian tube can still communicate when there is hydrosalpinx, patients often have intermittent vaginal discharge, and infertility is often the only manifestation of hydrosalpinx. Tubal obstruction is an important cause of female infertility, with the main pathogenic cause being inflammation. Its formation can be due to incomplete treatment or untimely treatment of acute salpingitis, leading to adhesion of the fallopian tube mucosa, such as incomplete abortion, residual placenta causing inflammation, and some women with intrauterine devices developing chronic salpingitis. Long-term inflammatory stimulation causes the fallopian tube to thicken, harden, lumen adhesion, narrowing, and even adhesion with surrounding tissues, thereby affecting the fallopian tube's picking up function and the ability to transport sperm and egg. Most patients with tubal obstruction have symptoms of chronic pelvic inflammation, such as pain or坠感 in one or both lower abdominal sides, excessive secretion, back pain, etc.

　　For women of childbearing age, the most important manifestation of hydrosalpinx is infertility. On one hand, the accumulation of fluid obstructs the union of sperm and egg, and on the other hand, the toxic and side effects of the accumulation can lead to miscarriage in the case where only one side is accumulated and the other side is normal. Continuous vaginal discharge: the lumen of the expanded and non-expanded parts of the fallopian tube can still communicate, so patients often have intermittent vaginal discharge. Another situation is that the fluid accumulates in the pelvis due to the discharge of the end, leading to increased pelvic fluid accumulation and causing pelvic inflammation.

　　The cause of female infertility is hydrosalpinx, so it is very important to prevent and treat hydrosalpinx. Women should attach great importance to this in their daily lives. The onset of hydrosalpinx is mainly due to infection of the fallopian tube by pathogens. Due to the infiltration of white blood cells, the endometrium swells, the stroma becomes edematous, and exudate occurs. The mucosal epithelium of the fallopian tube is shed. If the inflammation of the fallopian tube is not treated promptly and effectively, it can lead to female infertility.

　　During sexual intercourse, women should pay attention to their own and their partner's personal hygiene. Before sexual intercourse, both partners should clean their external genitalia to prevent the smooth invasion of pathogens. When women have vaginal bleeding symptoms, they should self-restrain and avoid sexual intercourse. Women should pay attention to their vulvar hygiene and personal cleanliness; prevent infections from toilet articles and the bathroom. Women of all ages should pay attention to their nutritional health, strengthen nutrition during the menstrual period, after artificial abortion, and after childbirth; enhance their physical fitness, increase their resistance and immunity, and reduce the chance of getting sick. When undergoing surgical procedures such as artificial abortion, childbirth, placement and removal of intrauterine devices, and other uterine cavity procedures, strict sterilization should be carried out to avoid introducing pathogens into the vagina and uterus through surgery, causing artificial infection. Women with acute fallopian tube injury should rest in a semi-recumbent position to prevent and limit the movement of inflammatory fluid due to changes in body position. Eat high-nutrient, easy-to-digest foods rich in vitamins. Once women have hydrosalpinx, they should adhere to the treatment principles, adopt a positive attitude, undergo thorough treatment, control the condition as soon as possible, and prevent it from becoming chronic.

　　1. Hysterosalpingography: It is the simplest and most reliable method among the current methods for detecting hydrosalpinx. X-ray shows that the fallopian tube is fully visible and the ostium is dilated. After 20 minutes, the delayed film shows residual shadows in both fallopian tubes, and there is no diffusion of contrast agent in the pelvic cavity.

　　2. Laparoscopy: Laparoscopic examination of the fallopian tube can directly diagnose hydrosalpinx. Under laparoscopy, one can see the adhesion situation around the ostium and determine the function of the fallopian tube. The laparoscopic examination and diagnosis are very accurate and are currently the most advanced diagnostic technology in gynecological examination.

　　3. Ultrasound examination: Some hydrosalpinx can be detected by ultrasound, mainly during the acute stage of the symptoms. The inflammation of the fallopian tube causes the ostium to be blocked, and the exudate of inflammation accumulates in the lumen of the fallopian tube, causing ultrasound to show: abnormal echo in the uterine side or both sides, with the fallopian tube thickening, some in the shape of a sausagelike, with the lumen showing hypoechoic or punctate echo. Ultrasound examination is one of the methods for detecting hydrosalpinx, but not all hydrosalpinx can be detected under ultrasound.

　　(1) It is important to regulate the diet. Meals should be taken at regular intervals and in appropriate amounts. The softness, hardness, coldness, and warmth of the food should be suitable. One should not overeat due to concerns about weak constitution or insufficient nutrition, which can increase the burden on the spleen and stomach, and harm the digestive function.

　　(2) It is advisable to have a light diet. Patients with hydrosalpinx often suffer from pain and discomfort, and they have been taking medication for a long time. During an attack, the appetite is poor, so a light diet is recommended. On one hand, it can maintain a good appetite; on the other hand, it can maintain good脾胃function to enhance the body's resistance to diseases.

　　(3) Do not have a one-sided diet. Chicken, duck, fish, meat, grains, vegetables, fruits, and vegetables should not be ignored, and they should be matched reasonably.

　　(4) Correctly treat food supplements and drug supplements. Whether it is food supplements or drug supplements, they are beneficial to patients with hydrosalpinx, but they must be based on the condition and the strength of the spleen and stomach function.

　　(5) The pathogenesis of hydrosalpinx is related not only to personal factors but also to the onset of ovarian tumors and the dysfunction of ovarian function. Therefore, female patients should go to regular hospitals for treatment in a timely manner to avoid greater harm. At the same time, it is also recommended to choose foods that are beneficial to the physiological cyclic regulation of ovarian function, such as abalone, pigeon eggs, cuttlefish, octopus, quail, black-bone chicken, sea cucumber, shark fin, bird's nest, etc., to maintain a good eating habit, scientific and reasonable diet, which is also very helpful for the treatment of hydrosalpinx.

　　1. Fallopian Tube Ostomy

　　Salpingostomy is suitable for patients with patent proximal fallopian tube and hydrosalpinx or obstruction at the distal end, which is a traditional treatment method.

　　2. Salpingo-ovarian Adhesiolysis

　　Adhesion of the fallopian tube and ovary is very common in patients with infertility and chronic pelvic pain. It is often caused by infection, endometriosis, and previous surgery. Usually, the adnexa is fixed on the posterior leaf of the broad ligament or the lateral pelvic wall. The ostium of the fallopian tube is often wrapped. In severe cases, the adnexa can be wrapped in the rectouterine pouch, and it is easy to damage the intestines during surgery. In this case, the ostium of the fallopian tube is often normal, but it is wrapped by severe adhesions and cannot communicate with the pelvis.

　　For the adhesion of the ovary and fallopian tube itself, especially the adhesion of the fallopian tube ostium, it should be particularly cautious. Try to avoid injury to the ovarian surface and the fallopian tube ostium. Otherwise, new adhesions may form after surgery. Therefore, it is best not to use electrocoagulation or laser. Because they can cause thermal injury and form new adhesions.

　　3. Salpingectomy: Salpingectomy is often used for ectopic pregnancy, and sometimes it is necessary to remove due to hydrosalpinx or other lesions. The impact of salpingectomy on ovarian function is not negligible, and salpingectomy can have a negative effect on the superovulation of in vitro fertilization treatment.