Perinatal health care

　　Perinatal health care is to understand the health status of pregnant women and the growth and development of the fetus at any time. In order to discover abnormalities early, if serious congenital malformations are encountered, pregnancy can be terminated in time to improve the quality of birth and prevent the birth of seriously disabled children. Various monitoring measures and nursing care for newborns are taken to prevent and treat common diseases in newborns, and to reduce the incidence and mortality rate of newborns.

　　The perinatal period refers to the important period from 28 weeks of pregnancy to one week after delivery, before and after childbirth. The health care measures in this period are very important, and only by doing a good job in health care at this stage can the incidence and mortality rate of infants and mothers be reduced better.

　　The normal fetal heart rate during the perinatal period should be 120-160 times per minute. If it exceeds 160 times, it should be vigilant of hypoxia, etc., and it is even more dangerous if it is below 120 times, because if the fetus is hypoxic, the heartbeat first accelerates and then gradually slows down, so fetal heart monitoring is very important. Normal fetal movements should be no less than 3 times per hour. It is also possible to continuously measure the total number of fetal movements within 12 hours. Pregnant women can measure the number of fetal movements for 1 hour in the morning, noon, and evening, add the total number, and then multiply by 4 to get the number of fetal movements in 12 hours. If the number of fetal movements within 12 hours is more than 30, it is normal, indicating that the fetus has a good reserve capacity; if it decreases to less than 20, it indicates that the fetus is hypoxic in the uterus. In the 12-48 hours before the fetus dies of hypoxia, fetal movements often decrease and disappear first.

　　Perinatal health care mainly involves systematic management of pregnant and postpartum women, including early pregnancy examination (before 12 weeks of pregnancy), regular prenatal examinations (every 4 weeks after 12 weeks, every 2 weeks after 28 weeks, and once a week after 36 weeks), hospital delivery, stratified management of high-risk pregnant and postpartum women, and postpartum visits. On the basis of systematic health care for pregnant and postpartum women, joint guardianship of mother and child is carried out, expanding the scope of health care, adopting appropriate monitoring techniques, and implementing unified management of mother and child, in order toReduce the incidence and mortality rate of infants and mothers..

　　Perinatal health care during pregnancy is very important, as it is to ensure the health of the fetus and the mother to the greatest extent. The main contents of the examination include weighing, measuring blood pressure, fundal height, abdominal circumference, and listening to the fetal heartbeat, with the aim of understanding the health status of pregnant women and the growth and development of the fetus in real time.

　　Check time: Once a month from 3 months to 7 months of pregnancy; twice a week after 8 months of pregnancy; once a week after 9 months of pregnancy. If there are pregnancy-related diseases, timely re-examination is required.

　　Determining the size of the gestational age: The larger the gestational age, the more mature the fetus is. The size of the fetus can be measured by calculating the expected date of delivery. The commonly used method is to start from the first day of the last menstrual period, add 9 months or subtract 3 months, and add 7 days. If using the lunar calendar, the calculation of the month is the same as above, only add 14 days to the date.

　　Uterine fundal height: Checking the uterine fundal height can understand the development of the fetus. During normal pregnancy, the increase of the uterine fundal height has a certain regularity. At 16 weeks of pregnancy, the uterine fundal height reaches the middle of the umbilicus and pubic symphysis. At 24 weeks, it is slightly above the umbilicus. At 36 weeks, it is near the xiphoid process. The method is simple and can understand the maturity and size of the fetus.

　　Listening to the fetal heartbeat: Listening to the fetal heart rate to determine if the fetus has intrauterine asphyxia is a commonly used and effective method. Attention should be paid to the regularity of the fetal heartbeat sound, whether it is too fast or too slow, etc. The normal fetal heart rate is 120 to 160 beats per minute. If the fetal heart rate is above 160 beats per minute or sustained at 100 beats per minute, it indicates that the fetus is hypoxic in the uterus, and treatment should be sought promptly.

　　Observing fetal movement: Normal fetal movement should not be less than 3 times per hour. You can also continuously measure the total number of fetal movements within 12 hours. Pregnant women can measure the number of fetal movements for 1 hour in the morning, noon, and evening, add the total number, and then multiply by 4, which equals the total number of fetal movements within 12 hours. If the number of fetal movements within 12 hours is more than 30, it indicates that the fetus has a good reserve capacity; if it drops below 20, it suggests that the fetus is hypoxic in the uterus. In the 12 to 48 hours before the fetus dies from hypoxia, fetal movement often decreases and disappears first.

　　Improper diet can bring unnecessary troubles to pregnant women, therefore, it is recommended that all pregnant women pay attention to the following dietary health care:

　　1. It is not advisable to have a high-sugar diet during pregnancy: The possibility of giving birth to a fetus with an excessively high birth weight, the incidence of congenital malformations in the fetus, the chance of developing pregnancy-induced hypertension, or the need for cesarean section in pregnant women with high blood sugar levels is three times, seven times, and two times higher than that of pregnant women with low blood sugar levels, respectively. On the other hand, high blood sugar levels will increase the burden on the kidneys of pregnant women, which is not conducive to the health care during pregnancy.

　　2. It is not advisable to have a high-protein diet during pregnancy: High-protein diet during pregnancy can affect the appetite of pregnant women, increase the burden on the gastrointestinal tract, and produce a large amount of harmful substances such as hydrogen sulfide and histamine in the human body, which are prone to cause symptoms such as bloating, decreased appetite, dizziness, and fatigue.

　　3. It is not advisable to have a high-fat diet during pregnancy: If pregnant women have a long-term high-fat diet, it will inevitably increase the risk of reproductive system cancer in their daughters. Long-term consumption of high-fat foods will increase the concentration of bile acids and neutral cholesterol in the large intestine, and high-fat foods can also increase the synthesis of prolactin, promoting breast cancer and being harmful to the health of both mother and child.

　　4. It is not advisable to have a high-calcium diet during pregnancy: Blindly engaging in a high-calcium diet, drinking a lot of milk, taking calcium tablets, vitamin D, and other supplements can be harmful to the fetus. Nutritionists believe that excessive calcium supplementation during pregnancy may lead to hypercalcemia in the fetus, resulting in an early closure of the fontanelle, a wide and prominent jaw, and other adverse effects on healthy growth and development.

　　5. It is not advisable to eat moldy food during pregnancy: If pregnant women consume agricultural and sideline products and food contaminated with mycotoxins, not only will acute or chronic food poisoning occur, but it may also harm the fetus. Because in the first 2-3 months of pregnancy, the embryo is implanted and developing, and the embryo cells are in a highly proliferative and differentiated stage. The invasion of mycotoxins can cause chromosome breakage or deformation, leading to genetic diseases or fetal malformations, such as congenital heart disease and congenital idiocy, and some may even cause the fetus to stop developing and result in stillbirth or miscarriage. On the other hand, in the middle and late stages of pregnancy, due to the incomplete function of the fetus's organs, especially the fragile function of the liver and kidneys, mycotoxins may also have toxic effects on the fetus.

　　During this special period of pregnancy, while protecting oneself, one is also protecting the baby in the belly. Therefore, whether in life or diet, one must be cautious. Especially in diet, there are many things that pregnant women should avoid.

　　Perinatal health care mainly involves systematic management of pregnant and postpartum women, including early pregnancy examination (before 12 weeks of pregnancy), regular prenatal examinations (every 4 weeks after 12 weeks, every 2 weeks after 28 weeks, and every week after 36 weeks), hospital delivery, stratified management of high-risk pregnant and postpartum women, and postpartum visits. On the basis of systematic health care for pregnant and postpartum women, joint supervision of mother and child is carried out to expand the health care content, adopt appropriate supervision technology, and carry out unified management of mother and child.