Urological tumors

　　The etiology is unknown and may be related to chronic irritation and infection of the urethra, calculi, and polyps. According to the histological classification of the tumor, squamous cell carcinoma is the most common, followed by adenocarcinoma. Transitional cell carcinoma is common in the proximal urethra. Sarcoma or melanoma is rare.

　　According to the local development, infiltration, and metastasis of the tumor, the clinical stage is divided as follows: 0 stage: in situ carcinoma; A stage: submucosal infiltration; B stage: infiltration into the urethral muscle layer; C stage: infiltration into the extraneous tissue or organ of the urethra; D stage: lymph node metastasis: inguinal lymph nodes, subpelvic lymph nodes below the aortic bifurcation, lymph nodes above the aortic bifurcation, distant metastasis, such as lung, liver, bone, etc. The malignancy of urethral cancer is divided into three grades, with grade III being the most malignant and grade I being the least.

　　Complications that may occur in urinary tract cancer include:

　　1. Obstruct the urethra, causing difficulty in urination, but urinary retention occurs very rarely.

　　2. Infection can penetrate the urethral海绵体, causing periurethritis, or lead to periurethral abscesses. Pathogens can infect the ureter and kidneys through ascending urodynamic movement; or spread to the scrotum and perineum, forming a perineal urethral fistula. Other complications may include skin metastases from urinary tract tumors, etc.

　　Skin metastases from renal cell and overcellular tumors can occur locally (often on surgical scars) or at a distant site, metastatic carcinomas from renal cell cancer (adrenaloid tumors) are common in the head and neck, while transitional cell carcinoma is more common in the trunk and limbs.

　　Renal cell metastatic carcinoma is a solitary or extensive dermal nodule, with a color ranging from flesh-colored to purple, characterized by obvious vascular distribution, similar to Kaposi sarcoma or suppurative granuloma. Transitional cell carcinoma skin metastasis usually presents as one or more flesh-colored dermal nodules, warty papules, and inflammatory plaques are less common skin metastases.

　　Since the etiology of urinary tract tumor patients is not yet fully clear, the methods of prevention are mainly as follows:

　　1. Minimize infections as much as possible, avoid contact with radiation and other harmful substances, especially drugs that inhibit the immune function.

　　2. Engage in appropriate exercise to enhance physical fitness and improve one's ability to resist diseases.

　　3. The prevention mainly focuses on various factors that may lead to urinary tract tumors. It is currently believed that the loss of normal immune surveillance function, the tumor-promoting effect of immunosuppressants, the activation of potential viruses, and the long-term application of certain physical (such as radiation) and chemical substances (such as antiepileptic drugs, adrenal cortical hormones) can all lead to the proliferation of lymphoreticular tissue, eventually resulting in urinary tract tumors. Therefore, attention should be paid to personal and environmental hygiene, drug abuse should be avoided, and personal protection should be taken into account when working in harmful environments.

　　Renal cell carcinoma is a clear cell adenocarcinoma, and its dermal metastatic nodules are composed of large and polygonal cells with cytoplasm from transparent to fine granular, with the nucleus located in the center, almost without polymorphism, arranged in sheets and strings, and some glandular structures, and the tumor is embedded in a fine, highly vascularized stroma, accompanied by some red blood cell extravasation and hemosiderin deposition. The skin metastases of transitional cell carcinoma are composed of large and oval cells with a small amount of basophilic cytoplasm to transparent cytoplasm, with a certain degree of polymorphism and visible nuclear division in varying numbers.

　　Vegetables and fruits are rich in fiber, vitamins, minerals and other anti-cancer chemical components. According to long-term follow-up studies abroad, increasing daily vegetable intake from 150 grams to 400 grams can reduce the risk of lung cancer by 50%; various kinds of lettuce, dark green vegetables and fruits also have preventive effects on different types of cancer. The United States launched the Dietary Cancer Prevention Campaign in 1991, and five years later, it was found that the incidence and mortality rates of cancer had decreased significantly, showing that simple dietary adjustments can allow the public to easily prevent cancer and regain health.

　　Adults should eat three dishes of vegetables and two servings of fruit daily, with each serving of vegetables and fruits at least half a bowl (100 grams), of which at least one serving is dark green or dark yellow vegetables; the Cancer Research Center emphasizes that consuming 400 to 800 grams of vegetables and fruits daily can not only prevent urinary tract non-epithelial tumors and other cancers but can also reduce cardiovascular diseases, gout, hypertension, atherosclerosis, obesity, constipation and other civilized diseases at the same time, which can be said to be the simplest and most cost-effective method of preventive healthcare.

　　First, early stage

　　Early radical urethrectomy can be performed, and partial or total penile resection and lymph node dissection can be performed when the tumor infiltrates around the urethra. Bladder and urethra resection and urinary diversion surgery must be performed for male posterior urethral and female urethral cancer.

　　Second, advanced stage

　　1. Chemotherapy is mostly used for palliative treatment and the effect is not certain.

　　2. Radiotherapy includes external beam radiotherapy and intratumoral radiotherapy. Radiotherapy for low-stage small tumors is satisfactory, but the effect of radiotherapy for larger, high-stage posterior urethral cancer is poor. Common complications include urethral stricture, local necrosis, vulvar abscess, radioactive pelvic inflammatory disease, and others.