Anal canal cancer

　　The etiology of this disease is not yet clear. Literature suggests that it is related to the following factors: chronic inflammation, such as anal fistula, anal fissure, suppurative hidradenitis, anal condyloma acuminatum, anal leukoplakia, sacral teratoma, etc., which can be considered as precancerous lesions. Due to chronic long-term stimulation, cells may undergo degenerative changes, lose normal capacity for re-differentiation, and lead to carcinogenesis.

　　The occurrence of complications is mainly related to metastasis. The inguinal lymph nodes are a common site of metastasis, which can lead to enlargement of the inguinal lymph nodes; local tumor growth can cause difficulty in defecation and anal stenosis; local complications may include infection and bleeding; metastasis to the pelvis can cause pelvic masses; metastasis to the ovaries can cause endocrine changes; metastasis to the kidneys can cause renal dysfunction, hematuria, chyluria, and other symptoms.

　　Anal squamous cell carcinoma often presents with discomfort and itching around the anal area, small tumors at the anal margin, slow growth, extremely mild pain, and pain when it invades the anal canal or sphincter. After a long course, ulcers may form, with local tenderness, thin secretions often mixed with blood, grayish necrotic tissue at the bottom of the ulcer, with the edges everted and granulomatous nodules, which are prone to scab and bleed. Enlargement of inguinal lymph nodes may occur, and the inguinal lymph nodes are a common site of metastasis. It can also metastasize to pelvic lymph nodes. In the early stage of diagnosis, localized lesions should be differentiated from papillomas, condyloma acuminata, thrombosed hemorrhoids, anal fissures, and granulomatous ulcers.

　　Psychological care before chemotherapy for cancer patients

　　After a period of chemotherapy, patients may experience significant side effects, difficulties in venipuncture, or recurrence of the disease, making them more prone to anxiety and pessimism. They often refuse to continue treatment, and these emotions may suppress the immune function of the body, affect the immune function of cancer cells, and influence the immune recognition and surveillance of cancer cells, promoting the progression of the disease.

　　Cultivating the patient's good mood and coordinating with chemotherapy is an urgent task in the care of cancer patients.

　　Firstly, analyze and understand the patient's psychological reactions.

　　1. Fear of cancer psychology

　　Generally, patients have varying degrees of one-sided understanding of malignant tumors and have a fear of cancer, considering it a 'fateful disease' or even a 'person sentenced to death with a suspended execution'. It is truly 'turning pale at the mention of cancer'.

　　When a patient learns that they have been diagnosed with cancer, they may be extremely frightened and restless. Outgoing personalities may experience sadness and suffering, losing their appetite, while introverted individuals may seek confirmation from others.

　　2. Suspecting psychology

　　Before a cancer patient is diagnosed, they may have a suspicious cancer mindset, suspecting that their illness may be cancer. They may feel anxious, restless, and seek medical treatment everywhere, demanding various special examinations, etc.

　　3. Emotional response of pessimism and disappointment:Once a patient learns that they have cancer, they may develop a feeling of pessimism and disappointment, showing more disappointment than hope, more arrangements for death than plans for survival, rarely considering the treatment and management of their actual illness, feeling restless and indecisive.

　　4. Social coupling of pessimistic psychology:Once family members, friends, neighbors, and colleagues learn that a person has cancer, they automatically feel sympathy and visit them with a sense of 'final farewell'. Even those who were not close before start sending gifts to express their concern. However, such actions may actually harm the patients. In this abnormal environment, patients may believe that their illness is severe, exacerbating their pessimistic mood and forming a 'vicious cycle' that is hard for them to escape. It may even lead to despair.

　　5. Psychological dependence on chemotherapy drugs:After a period of adaptation, patients acknowledge their 'sick role' and feel relatively calm, placing their hopes on various treatments. Patients become blindly dependent on chemotherapy. They solely pursue higher dosages, paying little consideration to comprehensive therapy (nutrition and spiritual therapy) and the overall immune status of the body. Some patients, even when facing difficulties in oral nutrition, weakness, and very low blood counts, still demand an increase in the dosage of chemotherapy drugs, resulting in severe complications.

　　6. Drug resistance psychology

　　Patients are afraid of the significant impact of chemotherapy drugs on their bodies, find it difficult to adapt to the pain caused by chemotherapy drugs, and lack confidence in the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs, etc. Due to these psychological reactions, patients may become emotionally low, lose their will to fight the disease, and develop a negative mindset that is extremely detrimental to the efficacy of the drugs. Because more and more evidence shows that maintaining good mental hygiene can not only effectively prevent cancer but also promote the regression of tumors. Therefore, during the implementation of treatment and throughout the process, we should pay attention to the psychological care of patients.

　　Secondly, formulate a set of reasonable psychological care measures.

　　1. Moderate Confidentiality:Keep the real condition of cancer patients moderate and confidential to avoid excessive tension and fear. For those who know they have cancer, provide scientific explanations, comfort, and encouragement so that patients can correctly face their illness.

　　2. Analyze the reasons for the pessimistic and despondent patients.Provide psychological comfort, guide the care of spirit and life, emphasize the importance of comprehensive treatment for cancer, and the active role of will and emotion in curing diseases. Identify and eliminate psychological and social factors that are unfavorable to treatment.

　　3. Timely grasp the patient's psychological activities.Take the opportunity to guide the patient's psychology, try to eliminate the patient's pessimistic mood. Introduce the characteristics of the disease, the effects and side effects of chemotherapy drugs. At the same time, use typical cured cases to inspire patients to face their disease with an optimistic and confident attitude, allowing patients to be freed from despair, receiving encouragement mentally, and seeing hope in treatment.

　　4. Mobilize people around the patient to care and comfort the patient.The subtle changes in family emotions can affect the patient's mood. If family members show concern and care, the patient's pessimistic mood will be alleviated or even disappear. Conversely, the patient's pessimistic psychology may worsen, so doing a good job of mobilizing family members is a key step to reverse the patient's pessimistic psychology.

　　5. Establish a good nurse-patient relationship in the hospital and pay attention to language communication.Nurses should be amiable and elegant in their demeanor; they should show concern for patients both in treatment and mentally, be patient and meticulous, have compassion, and frequently approach patients to clearly answer their questions. It is imperative not to say negative words that may increase the patient's psychological burden. Help patients solve practical difficulties, gain their trust with your skilled techniques, and strive for their cooperation.

　　6. Create a warm, comfortable, quiet, elegant, and temperature-appropriate living environment for the patients.Keep the air circulating and the light sufficient in the room; place some flowers and plants on the windowsill to cultivate the patient's temperament. A good living environment is conducive to the patient's physical and mental rest, promotes the interpersonal relationships among patients, enhances the psychological therapeutic effect, and allows patients to actively cooperate with treatment in a relaxed and pleasant atmosphere, achieving the goal of treatment.

　　1. General examination:Abnormal masses can be seen locally, which are brittle and easy to bleed upon contact. There may be local tenderness, with secretion and possible local lymph node enlargement. Complications with infection can cause severe pain, accompanied by chills and high fever.

　　2. Histopathological examination:The pathological examination of the locally altered tissue is the gold standard for diagnosing malignant tumors.

　　3. Colonoscopy:It can be locally invasive in the rectum, with masses and the like.

　　First, the dietetic recipe for anal canal cancer

　　1. Asparagus Porridge:Asparagus contains a tissue protein that is a substance for 'promoting cell normalization', which can make cancer cells 'return to righteousness' and prevent the spread of cancer cells. Asparagus clears heat and cools the blood, which can eliminate the restlessness and insomnia caused by yin deficiency in cancer patients. Boil 100 grams of asparagus and add 100 grams of glutinous rice to make porridge.

　　2. Celery congee:Celery not only contains a large amount of vitamins and fiber, which is very beneficial to the recovery of cancer patients, but also experiments show that the inhibition rate of celery stems on cancer is 63.6%, and the inhibition rate of celery leaves is 73.2%. Take 50 grams of celery, 100 grams of glutinous rice, first boil the rice with water into congee, and then add the chopped celery.

　　3. Garlic congee:The lipid-soluble volatile oil and other effective ingredients in garlic have the function of activating macrophages, have inhibitory effects on cancer cells, and can enhance immunity, thereby improving the body's resistance, which is beneficial to the recovery of cancer patients. Take 30 grams of garlic (peeled), 100 grams of glutinous rice, and boil it with water.

　　4. Mushroom congee:Shiitake mushrooms contain a substance called “beta-glucanase”, which has a significant effect on strengthening the body's anti-cancer ability; it also contains an interferon inducer that can induce the production of interferon in the body, thereby achieving the goal of treating cancer. Take 25 grams of mushrooms, 100 grams of glutinous rice, add water to boil into congee, and season for consumption.

　　5. Water chestnut congee:Water chestnuts have the effects of clearing heat and detoxifying, softening hard lumps, and have been used by doctors throughout history to treat boils, abscesses, and lumps. Recently, it has been found to have anti-cancer effects. Wash and peel the water chestnuts, slice them, take 100 grams each time, and cook them into congee with an appropriate amount of glutinous rice.

　　6. Adzuki bean congee:It is suitable for cancer patients with reduced gastrointestinal digestion and absorption ability. Take 30 grams of adzuki bean, stir-fry slightly brown. After soaking, cook half of it, add 100 grams of glutinous rice and cook into congee, then add appropriate amount of sugar for consumption.

　　Second, what foods are good for anal canal cancer:

　　1. Eat more anti-tumor foods:Such as sesame, almond, wheat, barley, loofah, portulaca, chicken blood, eel, abalone, crab, horseshoe crab, sardine, clam, turtle shell.

　　2. Pain:It is advisable to eat horseshoe crab, red, lobster, clam, sea cucumber, tiger fish, beetroot, mung bean, radish, chicken blood.

　　3. Enhance physical fitness and prevent metastasis:It is advisable to eat silver ear, black fungus, mushrooms, truffle, gizzard, sea cucumber, Job's tears, walnuts, crab, lizard, needlefish.

　　4. After surgery, it consumes Qi and injures blood, and it is advisable to eat more Qi-nourishing and blood-nourishing products:Such as jujube, longan, mung bean, glutinous rice, lychee, mushrooms, carrots, quail eggs, lotus root powder, beans, etc.

　　5. After radiotherapy, it consumes Yin and fluid, and it is advisable to eat more nourishing Yin and fluid products:Such as spinach, green vegetables, lotus root, radish, watermelon, banana, grape, sea cucumber, sugarcane, lily, etc.

　　6. After chemotherapy, it is easy to damage both Qi and blood, and it is advisable to often eat foods that nourish Qi and blood:Such as black fungus, mushrooms, walnuts, mulberries, congee of Job's tears, jujube, longan, sea cucumber, etc.

　　Third, what foods should be avoided around the anal canal cancer:

　　1. Avoid foods that may cause disease:Such as fish, shrimp, crab, chicken head, pork head meat, goose meat, chicken wings, chicken feet, etc.

　　2. Try to eat less spicy and刺激性 foods:For example: onions, black pepper, chili, Sichuan pepper, rapeseed, fennel.

　　3. Avoid eating fried and greasy foods:Such as oil sticks, butter, butter, chocolate, etc.

　　4. Quit smoking and drinking.

　　Prevention

　　Cancer prevention should be achieved from one's own lifestyle. The prevention of cancer is currently divided into three levels.

　　Level 1 Prevention:Reduce or eliminate the carcinogenic effects of various carcinogens on the human body, and reduce the incidence rate. For example, attention should be paid to participating in physical exercise, changing one's low mood, maintaining vigorous energy, thereby improving the body's immune function and disease resistance; attention should be paid to diet and drinking water hygiene, preventing cancer from entering the mouth; not eating moldy, decayed food, burnt food, or smoked, roasted, salted, soaked food, or not drinking stored water for a long time, not smoking, not drinking alcohol, scientifically matching the diet, eating more fresh vegetables, fruits, and a variety of nutritious foods, and forming good hygiene habits. At the same time, attention should be paid to protecting the environment, avoiding and reducing pollution to the air, food, and drinking water, which can prevent physical, chemical, parasitic, and viral carcinogens from attacking the human body, effectively preventing the occurrence of cancer.

　　Level 2 Prevention:Use effective means such as early detection, early diagnosis, and early treatment to reduce the mortality of cancer patients. In addition to strengthening physical exercise in daily life, attention should also be paid to some discomfort changes in the body and regular physical examinations. For example, chest X-rays, bronchoscopy can detect early lung cancer; B-ultrasound, alpha-fetoprotein determination can reveal liver cancer; routine vaginal cytology examination can detect early cervical cancer; esophageal washing, fiberoptic esophagoscopy, gastroscopy, colonoscopy can detect early esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, and so on. Therefore, once cancer is found in the body, it is necessary to go to a specialized tumor hospital for diagnosis and treatment, build confidence in overcoming cancer, and actively cooperate, as cancer can be cured.

　　Level 3 Prevention:In the treatment of cancer, efforts should be made to prevent the recurrence and metastasis of cancer, and to prevent complications and sequelae. Currently, all specialized tumor hospitals have a comprehensive treatment advantage, with different treatment methods for different tumor diseases. These include surgical resection of tumors, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, traditional Chinese medicine, immunotherapy, and other treatment methods. It is believed that everyone can detect certain signs and symptoms of cancer early by learning and mastering common and basic tumor prevention and treatment knowledge, and seek timely medical attention, assisting doctors in timely diagnosis and treatment.