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　　7. Conventional methods of Western medicine for the treatment of bladder leukoplakia

　　1. Etiology: What are the causes of bladder leukoplakia?

　　1. Etiology: What are the causes of bladder leukoplakia?

　　2. Pathogenesis: The etiology of this disease is not yet clear. Patients with chronic cystitis, bladder calculi, long-term indwelling catheters, and schistosomiasis bladder are prone to develop bladder leukoplakia, which may be caused by long-term chronic inflammation stimulation leading to squamous epithelial metaplasia.

　　This disease can be complicated with adenocystitis, follicular cystitis, and blistery edema, and is often accompanied by non-specific infection.

　　1. Adenocystitis:The etiology is unknown, and most scholars believe that it is caused by the development of residual embryonic tissue and metaplasia of bladder mucosal epithelium. Clinical symptoms are complex, and there is a possibility of developing bladder adenocarcinoma. It can also coexist with adenocarcinoma, therefore, it is attracting more and more attention from clinical medicine.

　　2. Follicular cystitis:It is common in chronic urinary tract infection. Cystoscopy can observe small grayish yellow elevated nodules, which are often surrounded by inflammatory mucosa. However, sometimes normal mucosa may also be seen between the nodules.

　　3. Blistery edema:It is a kind of pathological change within the bladder.

　　1. It is more common in women, and urinary frequency, urgency, and incomplete urination occur without obvious cause. Accompanied by discomfort during urination, there is little or no hematuria, fever, or lumbar pain during the course of the disease.

　　2. It is difficult to distinguish from chronic cystitis in clinical manifestation. For patients with recurrent urinary tract irritation symptoms and ineffective anti-inflammatory treatment, cystoscopy is required, and cystoscopy + biopsy is the only diagnostic method.

　　The etiology of bladder leukoplakia is not yet clear. Understanding the risk factors of bladder leukoplakia and formulating corresponding prevention and treatment strategies can reduce the risk of bladder leukoplakia. Our current focus on the prevention and treatment of bladder leukoplakia should first pay attention to and improve those factors closely related to our lives, such as smoking cessation, reasonable diet, regular exercise, and weight loss. Appropriate exercise, enhance physical fitness, improve the body's ability to resist diseases. Anyone who follows these simple and reasonable lifestyle common sense can reduce the chance of getting bladder leukoplakia.

　　1, Urine examination:Except for patients with hematuria, the urine routine examination and urine culture of most patients are negative.

　　2, Intravenous urography:Most of the examination is normal.

　　3, Cystoscopy:There are irregularly sized, clear borders, slightly higher than normal mucosa protrusions in the bladder trigone and both sides,呈灰白色或微黄色，未见血管，可见角质碎片浮动。

　　4, Pathological examination:After biopsy, the pathology confirms squamous epithelial metaplasia, significant keratinization, acanthosis, atypical hyperplasia of cells.

　　1, 30g of Job's tears, 30g of red bean, cooked into thin porridge for consumption, take regularly, prevent and treat cancer.

　　2, 20g of silver ear, cooked in water and taken once a day, prevent and treat cancer.

　　3, 120g of fresh portulaca oleracea, 250g of rabbit meat (cut into pieces), cooked with water, seasoned with salt, drink the soup and eat the meat, take regularly, prevent and treat cancer.

　　4, 100g of glutinous rice cooked into porridge, add 30-50g of arrowhead powder. Add appropriate amount of brown sugar, eat regularly to prevent cancer.

　　5, 100g of loofah (cleaned, peeled and cut into pieces), 100g of duck blood block. Add seasonings and cook until done, eat it, can clear heat, promote diuresis and detoxify, prevent and treat bladder cancer.

　　6, 100g of fresh grape juice, 100g of fresh lotus root juice, 60g of fresh rehmannia juice, mixed in a pot and boiled, add appropriate honey and served warm, can be used for bladder cancer with hematuria and urinary pain.

　　7, 100g of fresh radish sliced, marinated with white honey for a while, placed on an iron plate and dried, then dipped in honey and roasted repeatedly until 50g of white honey is exhausted. After cooling, chew slowly and drink a few sips of plain salt water, to treat bladder cancer with urinary pain.

　　8, 250g of sugarcane (cut into small pieces), 100g of white grass root cut into small pieces, wrapped in a cloth together, cooked with 100g of mung bean and water, until the beans are soft, remove the sugarcane and grass root, drink the soup and eat the beans, you can also add a little rock sugar, for patients with obvious hematuria of bladder cancer.

　　9, 30g of red bean, 50g of glutinous rice, cook together as porridge. When it is cooked, add 15g of chicken gizzard powder, and cook until the porridge is done. Eat it for breakfast, to assist in treating urethral pain and lower limb pain caused by bladder cancer with infection.

　　10, 1 watermelon, 1 bowl of dried grapes, cut a piece near the stem of the watermelon: pour the cleaned and dried dried grapes into the loosened pulp of the melon, then cover the cut piece of melon; seal with mud, place in a cool place, after 10 days remove the mud, remove the cover, pour out the juice, which is a small amount of ethanol, with a refreshing and sweet taste, can be used for patients with bladder cancer with difficulty in urination or edema.

　　What to eat for bladder leukoplakia

　　In terms of daily diet, people who consume a large amount of fruits and vegetables have a lower incidence of bladder cancer, especially those who consume cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage, cauliflower, radish, Chinese cabbage, rapeseed, shepherd's purse, as well as fresh fruits such as kiwi, fig, banana, and jujube. The intake of fat is positively correlated with bladder cancer, while it is negatively correlated with vitamin A and carotenoids.

　　I. Treatment

　　1. First, remove chronic pathogenic factors, such as bladder stones should be treated with lithotripsy or surgical stone removal.

　　2. Electrocoagulation or YAG laser irradiation through urethral cystoscopy has certain efficacy, but it is often not curative, and close follow-up is required.

　　3. Radiotherapy can be used as adjuvant treatment after resection, but its efficacy is poor when used alone.

　　4. Direct injection of prednisolone acetate or triamcinolone acetonide (fluohydrocortisone) into the lesion site using a cystoscope has certain efficacy, with an injection interval of 1 week to 1 month, and can be injected several times.

　　5. Cryotherapy can also be tried.

　　6. Bladder mucosal stripping surgery at the lesion site can be performed if necessary. For those suspected of having malignant changes, partial bladder resection surgery can be considered.

　　7. Bladder irrigation method Li Yuanzhong et al. (1988-1990) used freeze-dried BCG vaccine 120mg plus normal saline 60ml, bladder irrigation once a week, a total of 6 times; then once a month for a total of 6 times. This is a 2-course therapy, treating 5 cases, curing 4 cases, and no recurrence was seen in the follow-up for half a year to 1 year. The treatment mechanism is speculated to be related to the activation of specific and non-specific immune mechanisms in the body, enhancement of the body's immunity, and the toxic effect of severe inflammation locally causing ischemia, necrosis, and shedding of superficial tissue cells, followed by repair of the transitional epithelium. The side effects of this treatment are that patients may experience symptoms such as frequent urination, urgency, painful urination, effort, and low fever discomfort after irrigation, but all can be relieved within 24 hours. The operation of freeze-dried BCG vaccine (BCG) irrigation is simple, but the long-term effect is yet to be observed.

　　II. Prognosis

　　This disease is prone to recurrence, and bladderoscopy should be reviewed every 3 months after surgery. If bladderoscopy finds the wound

　　The mucosa is covered, smooth, and there are a small number of blood vessels. Biopsy confirms that the superficial mucosal layer is transitional epithelial cells, which can be considered as cured.