Proctitis

　　Foreign body injury: The most common cause is foreign body injury in the rectum. Undigested bone fragments, wooden splinters, or other sharp-edged foreign objects can directly damage the rectal mucosa and cause rectal inflammation. In addition, hard fecal masses during severe constipation can also cause rectal inflammation.

　　Poisoning and infectious diseases: Rectal inflammation often occurs as a secondary condition when there is poisoning with rodenticides or heavy metals (mercury, arsenic, etc.) or when infectious diseases with enteritis as the main feature occur. However, at this time, the pathological changes of other gastrointestinal tracts are more severe compared to the rectum, and most cases present clinical symptoms due to this cause.

　　Benign tumor malignancy: This disease is also one of the causes of rectal inflammation. Generally, rectal familial polyposis, rectal adenoma, papilloma, etc., can also lead to malignant lesions under certain conditions.

　　Dietary factors: High-fat, high-protein, and low-fiber diets are related to the onset of rectal inflammation. This is because high-fat foods can increase bile secretion, promote the growth of intestinal bacteria, and under the action of anaerobic bacteria, cholesterol and bile salts form unsaturated cholesterol, such as deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, which increase the number of these inflammatory agents, promoting the onset of rectal inflammation.

　　Chronic inflammatory stimulation: Long-term chronic inflammation may be an element causing anal rectal inflammation. Conditions such as chronic bacterial infection, amebiasis, chronic nonspecific colitis, and diverticulitis can cause granuloma, inflammatory changes, and pseudopolyps in the mucosa, leading to inflammation.

　　Benign tumor malignancy: Rectal familial polyposis, rectal adenoma, papilloma, etc., can also lead to malignant lesions under certain conditions.

　　Six, Sexually transmitted diseases: Unprotected sexual intercourse can cause condyloma acuminatum or papillomatous fibroma in the anal area, long-term friction and stimulation can cause inflammation.

　　Seven, Genetic factors: The transmission of gene mutations can manifest in families.

　　Eight, Abnormal immune function: Abnormal immune function in the human body, such as the suppression of cell-mediated immunity, is common in patients, and with the decrease of cell-mediated immune reactivity, the incidence of inflammation increases. The suppression of cell-mediated immunity is one of the main factors in the occurrence and development of inflammation.

　　Nine, Hemorrhoids, anal fistula, anal fissure, suppurative sweat glanditis, folliculitis, etc., long-term stimulation of anal skin can also cause inflammation.

　　Ten, Schistosomiasis patients have long-term stimulation of the intestinal mucosa by deposited eggs, causing necrosis, desquamation, and even ulceration, and then polyps may occur on the basis of epithelial regeneration and proliferation, leading to inflammation.

　　Anal sinusitis

　　If proctitis is not treated in time, it may cause anal sinusitis and other anorectal diseases, and there is a risk of secondary perianal abscess.

　　Intestinal stenosis

　　Many occur in patients with a course lasting 5-25 years or more, generally without symptoms, and severe cases can cause intestinal obstruction. When intestinal stenosis occurs in this disease, one should be vigilant about tumors, timely differentiate between benign and malignant, and then treat according to the symptoms.

　　Intestinal polyps, colorectal carcinoma

　　If proctitis lasts for more than five years, the intestinal ulcer surface may easily abnormally proliferate under the long-term stimulation of inflammation, causing intestinal polyps, and the malignant transformation rate of intestinal polyps over one centimeter is extremely high.

　　Analitis

　　This is the most common disease associated with proctitis, often referred to as anal and rectal proctitis, and analitis that is not treated for a long time also has the risk of malignant transformation.

　　Iron deficiency anemia

　　Bleeding in the stool is one of the main clinical manifestations of the disease, and the amount of bleeding is also an indicator of the severity of the disease. Long-term chronic bleeding can cause iron deficiency anemia.

　　The symptoms of proctitis include diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, etc., alternating constipation and diarrhea, with mucus and blood丝 in the stool. Proctitis can also cause severe anal pain, so when anal pain occurs, it should be diagnosed seriously, find the cause through electronic proctoscopy, and treat according to the symptoms.

　　1. Acute proctitis: The systemic symptoms of acute proctitis include fever and loss of appetite. Local symptoms are mainly manifested as anal胀热 burning pain, frequent defecation, stools mixed with mucus and blood丝, urgent need to defecate, dysuria, and frequent urination.

　　2. Chronic proctitis: Alternating constipation and diarrhea, with mucus and blood丝 in the stool, anal burning pain during defecation. Due to the stimulation of secretions, the skin around the anus may peel off, sometimes forming cracks and itching, lower abdominal distension and discomfort, loss of appetite, weight loss, and general malaise.

　　3. Radiation proctitis: Rectal bleeding, bright red or dark red, usually occurs during defecation, generally in small amounts, occasionally in large amounts. After ulceration, necrotic tissue may fall off and be discharged, with an odor, anal and rectal pain or burning pain, and later, urgent need to defecate due to stimulation of the anal sphincter.

　　4. Tuberculous proctitis: Patients may feel discomfort in the rectum, with alternating constipation and diarrhea, mainly diarrhea as the disease progresses, with stools resembling thin water, mixed with pus and blood, foul smell, urgent need to defecate, lower abdominal pain, bloating, loss of appetite, and weight loss.

　　1、防止措施：避免肛交可以防止直肠炎通过性交来传播;减少摄入咖啡因、奶类食品和高脂食品。人造甜味佐料可以降低直肠炎的发病几率。有研究证明大肠溃疡与经常食用以上食物存在着联系;各种减压的方法，例如瑜珈、太极和深层放松同样能减低患直肠炎的几率。研究证实在重压的情况下会引起肠内壁的发炎，可能会引起发炎性肠道疾病。

　　2、预防并发症：直肠炎的并发症可以由溃疡的形成引起并造成严重的出血。由大肠溃疡引起的直肠炎有可能发展成更广范围的结肠和胃肠其他部分的溃疡。

　　1.指诊：可触到直肠粘膜弹性减弱，粗糙呈颗粒状突起或有疤痕。直肠镜检查可见粘膜水肿、肥厚，色黄白，被覆粘液，擦去粘液，可见粘膜表面不光滑，个别部位有糜烂。细菌培养和活体组织检查，可确定病因诊断。

　　2.电子肛肠镜检查：电子肛肠镜采用医用视频及摄像技术，医患双方在检查过程中可同时清晰的观察到放大数十倍的病灶部位。帮助患者了解病情选择治疗方案，避免因传统人为检查带来不足而造成病情延误。同时可将病灶锁定后打印成像，为治疗前后进行比较提供可靠依据。粘膜肿胀、肥厚，表面呈粗糙颗粒，有少量粘液，萎缩性直肠炎镜下可见：粘膜干燥、色灰白，粘膜下可见血管网。

　　慢性直肠炎患者应该限制脂肪和膳食纤维：腹泻常伴有脂肪吸收不良，严重者伴有脂肪泻。因此膳食脂肪量要限制，应采用少油的食物和少油的烹调方法。对伴有脂肪泻者，可以采用中链脂肪酸油脂。避免食用含刺激性和纤维高的食物，比如辛辣食物、萝卜、芹菜、白薯、生蔬菜、水果以及带刺激性的葱、姜、蒜和粗杂粮、干豆类等。同时建议慢性直肠炎患者维生素无机盐要充足以补偿腹泻引起的营养丢失。少食多餐：为减轻肠道负担，以少食多餐方式补充营养摄入量。高热能、高蛋白质以补偿长期腹泻而导致的营养消耗，可根据慢性直肠炎病人消化吸收耐受情况循序渐进地提高供给量。一般热能按每日每公斤体重40千卡供给。蛋白质每日每公斤体重1.5克，其中优质蛋白占50％为好。

　　直肠炎是一种趋向于对传统和自然疗法结合的十分敏感的病症。由于外科手术会带来的潜在的并发症，所以一般选择非外科手术的疗法来治疗直肠炎。然而，一些特定的疗法取决于引起直肠炎病症的原因。所以我们可以大肠水疗的方法。

　　The colonic irrigation system, through colonic dialysis, establishes an effective treatment field in the intestinal cavity, utilizes the inherent absorption and excretion functions of the colon, clears harmful metabolic products and toxins in the intestinal cavity and on the intestinal mucosa, and配合针对性中药煎制的溃结汤.

　　After cleaning the colon and emptying the intestines with the colonic irrigation machine, the drug solution is infused into the colon through the micro-pump of the machine and retained in the intestines for more than 4 hours. After treatment, the patient's clinical symptoms disappear, the stool examination is normal, the colonoscopy shows that the intestinal mucosal lesions have returned to normal, thus achieving the goal of cure.

　　Of course, we can also choose the method of treatment from the severity.

　　One, General Treatment During the acute attack period, especially for severe and fulminant cases, hospitalization should be considered, and timely correction of water and electrolyte balance disorders should be carried out. After the condition improves, give liquid diet or easily digestible, low-fiber, and nutritious diet as appropriate.

　　Two, Salicylate Azosulfapyridine类药物 Generally use salicylate azosulfapyridine (abbreviated as SASP) as the first-line drug, suitable for mild or severe patients who have already shown improvement after treatment with adrenal glucocorticoids, and has good curative effect.

　　Three, Adrenal Glucocorticoids Suitable for acute fulminant or severe patients, can control inflammation, inhibit the autoimmune process, alleviate toxic symptoms, and have good curative effect. Commonly used hydrocortisone or dexamethasone is administered intravenously once a day, for a course of 7-10 days, and prednisolone is taken orally after symptom relief. After the disease is controlled, the dose is gradually reduced, and salicylate azosulfapyridine can be given after discontinuation of medication to prevent recurrence.

　　Four, Fructooligosaccharides For the late recovery of chronic proctitis, fructooligosaccharides can play a significant role. Fructooligosaccharides are a type of dietary fiber, which not only can increase beneficial bacteria but also can enhance the gastrointestinal localization of resistance. Especially for those with long-term illness and long-term medication history, they may have strong drug resistance to other drugs, and excessive medication (especially anti-inflammatory drugs) can rapidly increase the growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestines, so that the bacteria can adhere to the human intestines, forming a thick bacterial film, resisting pathogenic bacteria, and effectively preventing the invasion of enterotoxins.