Acute cystitis

　　Acute cystitis is often caused by bacterial infection. The pathogenic bacteria are mostly Escherichia coli. It usually occurs more frequently in females because the female urethra is shorter than the male urethra and is close to the anus, making it easy for Escherichia coli to invade. Acute cystitis can be caused by various factors:

　　1. Intrinsic factors of the bladder, such as bladder stones, foreign bodies, tumors, and indwelling catheters, which destroy the defensive ability of the bladder mucosa, favoring bacterial invasion.

　　2. Urinary tract obstruction below the bladder neck, causing urinary disorders, losing the urine flushing effect, and the residual urine becoming a good culture medium for bacterial growth.

　　3. Nervous system damage, such as nervous system diseases or extensive pelvic surgery (uterus or rectal resection) after which the nerves that control the bladder are damaged, causing difficulty in urination and leading to infection.

　　Complications caused by acute cystitis:

　　1. It leads to bladder fibrosis, reducing the bladder capacity, causing ureteral reflux, leading to renal edema and inflammation of the kidneys, and even renal necrosis and uremia, which endangers life.

　　2. It can cause hematuria, increasing the chance of bladder cancer. It is a unique sign of urinary abnormalities when hematuria can be seen with the naked eye.

　　3. It can trigger tuberculosis. For those with a history of tuberculosis, even after active antibacterial treatment, if there are symptoms of urinary tract irritation or abnormal urine sediment, it is an important sign of renal tuberculosis caused by cystitis.

　　4. It severely affects the normal life and work of males, and may even affect the quality of sexual life. It can lead to various complications such as reproductive system infections.

　　急性膀胱炎可突然发生或缓慢发生，排尿时尿道有烧灼痛、尿频，往往伴尿急，严重时类似尿失禁，尿频尿急常特别明显，每小时可达5～6次以上，每次尿量不多，甚至只有几滴，排尿终末可有下腹部疼痛。尿液混浊，有腐败臭味，有脓细胞，有时出现血尿，常在终末期明显。耻骨上膀胱区有轻度压痛。部分患者可见轻度腰痛。炎症病变局限于膀胱粘膜时，常无发热及血中白细胞增多，全身症状轻微或缺如，部分病人有疲乏感。急性膀胱炎病程较短，如及时治疗，症状多在1周左右消失。

　　急性膀胱炎发病急骤，常在过于劳累、受凉、长时间憋尿、性生活后发病。常见症状有尿频、尿急、尿痛、脓尿和终末血尿，甚至全程肉眼血尿。严重者膀胱由于炎症刺激发生痉挛使膀胱不能贮存尿液，频频排尿无法计数，出现类似尿失禁的现象。那么，在日常生活中，我们该如何预防急性膀胱炎呢？

　　1、膀胱炎是妇女常见疾病，常因会阴部不洁净，细菌由尿道逆行向上而发生感染，所以预防膀胱炎的关键是保持会阴部的清洁卫生。

　　2、要注意个人卫生，使致病菌不能潜伏在外阴部。由于性生活后引起的女性膀胱炎，建议性交后和次晨用力排尿；若同时服磺胺类药物1g或呋喃呾啶100mg，也有预防作用。

　　3、每次排尿宜排尽，不让膀胱有残余尿。每次性生活后宜排尿一次。

　　4、多喝水，以增加排尿，可预防甚至治疗感染的状况。5、服用维他命C，可以酸化尿液，干扰细菌生长。

　　6、排便后，由前向后擦拭肛门，可预防感染复发。

　　7、性交前上厕所，以免细胞藉由性交被带入膀胱；性交后上厕所，可将女性尿道口的细菌送入膀胱，再由尿液送出。

　　8、考虑是否使用子宫套避孕器，因子宫套避孕器容易引起复发性膀胱感染，若有感染情形，应考虑改以其他方法避孕。

　　9、尽量使用卫生棉取代卫生棉条。

　　10、注意经期卫生，有反复膀胱炎病史的妇女在经期可服用抗生素以预防。

　　急性膀胱炎是一种常见的尿路感染性疾病，约占尿路感染总数的50％～70％，多由细菌感染而引起，其具体检查如下：

　　1、实验室检查：血像正常，或有白细胞轻度升高。尿液分析常有脓尿或菌尿，有时可发现肉眼血尿或镜下血尿。尿培养可发现致病菌。如没有其它泌尿系疾病，血清肌酐和血尿素氮均正常。

　　2、X线检查：If there is a suspicion of kidney infection or other urogenital abnormalities, an X-ray examination must be performed at this time. For patients with Proteus infection, if the treatment effect is poor or there is no effect at all, an X-ray examination should be performed to determine whether there is a urinary tract stone in conjunction with the infection.

　　3. Instrument examination:When bleeding is obvious, a cystoscopy must be performed, but it must be done after the acute stage of infection or after the infection has been fully treated.

　　Acute cystitis is a common and frequently occurring disease now, and controlling diet well is also conducive to the treatment and prevention of cystitis.

　　1. Eat more diuretic foods, such as watermelons, grapes, pineapples, celery, pears, etc.

　　2. Clams, corn, mung beans, and scallion whites can help alleviate symptoms such as frequent urination, urgency, and pain during urination.

　　3. Drink more water to maintain a daily urine output of at least 1500 milliliters or more.

　　4. Avoid eating sour and spicy刺激性 food, such as strong alcohol, chili, raw vinegar, sour fruits, etc.

　　5. Avoid eating citrus fruits because they can cause alkaline urine, which is conducive to bacterial growth.

　　6. Drink less coffee because caffeine can cause the bladder neck to contract, leading to spasmodic pain in the bladder. 7. During the medication treatment period for cystitis patients, it is strictly forbidden to drink alcohol, chili, chicken, fish, beef, seafood, pickled vegetables, and only salt, vinegar, and monosodium glutamate can be used as seasonings.

　　Select appropriate antibacterial drugs according to the genus of the pathogenic bacteria. Before the results of drug sensitivity are known, compound sulfamethoxazole, cephalosporins, and quinolones can be used. After treatment, the condition generally improves rapidly, urinary pus cells disappear, and cell culture turns negative. It is best to use a short-term 3-day therapy to avoid unnecessary long-term medication, which may produce drug resistance or increase side effects, but to strengthen measures to prevent recurrence. If the symptoms do not disappear, urinary pus cells continue to exist, and the culture remains positive, consider bacterial resistance and infection triggers, and adjust to more suitable antibacterial drugs in a timely manner to extend the application time in order to achieve complete cure.

　　Postmenopausal women often suffer from urinary tract infections and are prone to recurrence. The lack of estrogen, which leads to a decrease in lactobacilli in the vagina and an increase in pathogenic bacteria, is an important factor in infection. Estrogen replacement therapy to maintain a normal vaginal environment, increase lactobacilli, and clear pathogenic bacteria can reduce the occurrence of urinary tract infections.