Small intestine hernia

　　Small intestine hernia is a common and recurrent disease that endangers human health, and almost all patients cannot recover spontaneously except for a few infants. The two most common methods for improving the symptoms of small intestine hernia are surgical treatment and conservative treatment (i.e., non-surgical treatment). Small intestine hernia surgery is a routine treatment and one of the most common treatment methods, although it has certain advantages, especially in cases of incarceration and strangulation, where other methods cannot replace it. However, small intestine hernia surgery also carries certain risks and has limitations on indications, and there is a recurrence rate of 4% to 10%. Non-surgical treatment methods have received increasing attention from both Chinese and foreign countries in recent years, and their methods have been continuously improved, with significant improvements in efficacy.

　　The causes of small intestine hernia are numerous, with some patients showing symptoms within a few days after birth, while others may not develop the condition until many years later. The following explanation is divided into two aspects: congenital and acquired.

　　Congenital

　　Unclosed peritoneal processus, high inferior border of the internal oblique muscle, etc.

　　Congenital

　　a) Poor healing of surgical incisions or drainage sites;

　　b) Increased intra-abdominal pressure due to trauma, inflammation, infection, etc.

　　c) Chronic cough, chronic constipation, difficulty in urination, late pregnancy, ascites, lifting heavy objects, frequent crying of infants, and abdominal tumors, etc.

　　If small intestine hernia is not treated in time, it may lead to a series of complications. The main complications of hernia include the following several types:

　　1. Small intestine hernia can cause strangulated hernia: If an incarcerated hernia cannot be released in time, causing the hernia contents to be obstructed by blood circulation or even necrosis, it is called a strangulated hernia.

　　2. Small intestine hernia can cause recurrent hernia: Refers to the condition where the hernia contents cannot be completely reduced into the abdominal cavity but do not cause severe clinical symptoms.

　　3. Small intestine hernia can cause incarcerated hernia: When the hernia ring is small and the abdominal pressure suddenly increases, the hernia contents are forcibly expanded into the sac, and then trapped by the retraction of the sac neck, preventing them from being reduced.

　　4. Small intestine hernia can cause reducible hernia: Refers to the condition where the hernia contents can be easily completely reduced into the abdominal cavity. When there is a sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure, the hernia can protrude, and it can be reduced into the abdominal cavity by lying flat or gently pushing with the hand.

　　The clinical types of small intestine hernia include the following several types:

　　Easy to reduce hernia: Refers to the condition where the hernia contents can be easily completely reduced into the abdominal cavity. When there is a sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure, the hernia can protrude, and it can be naturally reduced into the abdominal cavity by lying flat or gently pushing with the hand.

　　Recurrent hernia: Refers to the condition where the hernia contents cannot be completely reduced into the abdominal cavity but do not cause severe clinical symptoms.

　　Incarcerated hernia: When the hernia ring is small and the abdominal pressure suddenly increases, the hernia contents are forcibly expanded into the sac and then trapped by the retraction of the sac neck, preventing them from being reduced.

　　Strangulated hernia: If an incarcerated hernia cannot be released in time, causing the hernia contents to be obstructed by blood circulation or even necrosis, it is called a strangulated hernia.

　　The clinical symptoms are as follows:

　　1. A recurrent mass in the inguinal region, which can sometimes fall into the scrotum.

　　Occasionally, there may be local distension and referred pain, generally without special discomfort. As the disease progresses, the lump can gradually increase in size, affecting daily life. Sliding hernia is more common on the right side, with a ratio of 1:6 in the incidence of left and right sides. When an incarcerated hernia occurs, the hernia mass suddenly increases, accompanied by significant pain, obvious tenderness, and the hernia contents cannot be reduced. If there is also a blood supply obstruction, it may lead to symptoms of strangulated hernia, such as intestinal necrosis, intestinal fistula, and even life-threatening complications if not treated in time.

　　The initial symptoms of small intestine hernia are very mild, and many people think it is unimportant. The lump appears during fatigue but disappears after rest, and it is almost unnecessary to pay attention to it. However, the symptoms of hernia will worsen and will not stay at the initial stage forever, which is one of the misconceptions of preventing small intestine hernia. To prevent hernia from protruding, patients should strengthen the abdominal wall by appropriate exercise and strengthening nutrition, and also pay attention to controlling abdominal pressure, which can also prevent small intestine hernia.

　　Incomplete development in children, sports injuries and surgical injuries in adults, abdominal wall atrophy in the elderly, can lead to thinning of the abdominal wall, resulting in increased intra-abdominal pressure and a variety of chronic diseases, intense exercise, heavy physical labor, and children's crying and shouting. Avoiding these situations can prevent small intestine hernia and avoid hernia attacks.

　　The main method of prevention is to strengthen abdominal muscle exercises. One can practice lying down and getting up without holding the bed edge multiple times before getting up in the morning and after lying down at night; develop good living habits, do not smoke; avoid factors that increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as coughing, constipation, and difficulty in urination. If there are the above conditions, timely treatment is necessary, which will help prevent the occurrence of hernia.

　　The common examination methods for small intestine hernia are as follows:

　　For the examination of hernia, one should first go to the general surgery department, do a comprehensive ultrasound examination, and see if there are any organ displacement phenomena.

　　For those umbilical hernia patients without complications, it is recommended to first check the limited electrocardiogram and liver function. Then, what are the symptoms of hernia?

　　For those patients with other diseases such as lung and abdominal diseases, the examination program can include liver function tests, limited electrocardiogram, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood creatinine, and ultrasonic examination of gastrointestinal diseases.

　　Patients with small intestine hernia should pay attention to a reasonable diet. Eat more fresh fruits such as oranges, kiwis, apples, grapes, as well as tomatoes, eggplants, adzuki beans, asparagus, and other easily digestible and nutritious vegetables. The best choice for cooking vegetables is to use light cooking methods.

　　In terms of staple food, it is best to choose coarse grains as much as possible, which are all foods that can help defecate. Pay attention to nutrition, and eat more eggs, lean meat, fish, ducks, chickens, and so on. In addition to nutrition, due to the change of intra-abdominal pressure, which is one of the factors that trigger hernia, it is necessary to avoid drinking carbonated drinks because carbonated drinks can cause symptoms such as bloating to worsen small intestine hernia.

　　The health of diet is a helpful assistant to ensure the body eliminates the harm of hernia diseases. If one wants to cure the small intestine hernia disease as soon as possible, it is necessary for people to strictly follow the expert's instructions to do well in the care of small intestine hernia during the treatment of small intestine hernia, so that the small intestine hernia can be cured. The following is an introduction to the diet after small intestine hernia surgery.

　　(1) Fat: Deficiency of lipids can lead to defects in wound healing. It is recommended that everyone eat more fish oil because fish oil contains a large amount of fatty acids, which have anti-inflammatory effects and are beneficial for wound healing.

　　(2) Glucose: Sufficient sugar supply is indispensable for wound healing. Therefore, during the period of wound healing, it is recommended that patients eat more fruits, which can not only increase sugar intake but also supplement a large amount of vitamins.

　　(3) Protein: Protein can promote wound healing and reduce the chance of wound infection. Experts suggest that patients can eat more high-protein foods such as lean meat, milk, eggs, and so on.

　　(4) Vitamin A: It can promote wound healing. It mainly exists in fish oil, carrots, tomatoes, and other foods.

　　(5) Vitamin C: It can promote wound healing. Among various vegetables and fruits, dates and chili are among the foods that contain the most vitamin C.

　　After suffering from small intestinal hernia, treatment plans can be selected according to age, duration of the disease, severity of the condition, and the presence of other diseases, as follows:

　　⑺Infants and young children under 1 year of age can be observed and treated with a hernia belt. If the condition is not too serious, about 90% of infants can be cured using this method, avoiding surgery. Children with hernia can be treated with simple traditional Chinese medicine hernia bag therapy for inguinal hernia and umbilical hernia, which can cure various inguinal hernias and umbilical hernias.

　　⑹Most patients should consider surgical therapy.

　　⑸The elderly with weak physical condition or with other serious diseases and contraindicated for surgery can, after the hernia contents are retracted, use a medical hernia belt to prevent the hernia mass from protruding. However, long-term use of the hernia belt can cause the hernia sac neck to be frequently rubbed and become thick and tough, increasing the incidence of hernia incarceration, and promoting adhesion between the hernia sac and the hernia contents, making surgical treatment difficult.

　　⑷In case of hernia incarceration, emergency treatment is required.

　　Suggestion: Generally, it is necessary for a specialist doctor to diagnose and treat the patient before deciding on the appropriate treatment plan based on the actual condition of the patient.

　　⑶Traditional Chinese medicine therapy: The traditional Chinese medicine juhe pill can alleviate symptoms such as abdominal distension, abdominal pain, constipation caused by hernia, thus reducing the hernia; the disadvantage is that it cannot control the hernia prolapse. Commonly used traditional Chinese medicine preparations include hernia internal reduction pill, juhe pill, and补中益气丸; or use cinnamon powder mixed with vinegar, wrapped in gauze and applied to the umbilicus, suitable for the elderly.

　　⑵Traditional Chinese medicine hernia bag umbilical hernia bag therapy: It can quickly achieve the effects of warming the yang and dispelling cold, regulating qi and promoting muscle growth, promoting blood circulation, improving local muscle (fascia) metabolism, promoting the growth of muscle and fascia around the hernia ring, accelerating the closure of the internal ring, and achieving the goal of cure.

　　⑴Surgical therapy: There are three types of surgical therapy for hernia repair, hernia patch repair, and hernia laparoscopic repair (suitable for middle-aged and young patients).

　　Hernia repair: It repairs the hernia ring by suturing the surrounding tissue;

　　Hernia patch repair: It covers the defect and repairs the hernia ring with a patch material;

　　Hernia laparoscopic repair: It is a hernia repair technique completed through laparoscopy;