Acute superficial balanoposthitis

　　1. The causes of the disease can be divided into two categories: ① Simple or non-infectious factors: except for physiological phimosis, long prepuce, stimulation of prepuce垢 after sexual maturity, or a few mechanical injury factors that cause redness and burning inflammation of the glans; ② Infectious or communicable diseases, all prepuce and glans inflammation caused by non-infectious factors belong to this category, that is, prepuce and glans inflammation caused by pathogenic microorganisms as the dominant factor, among which bacterial and fungal infections are the most common.

　　1. The causes of infectious male prepuce and glans inflammation can be divided into two categories: ① Simple or non-infectious factors: except for physiological phimosis, long prepuce, stimulation of prepuce垢 after sexual maturity, or a few mechanical injury factors that cause redness and burning inflammation of the glans; ② Infectious or communicable diseases, all prepuce and glans inflammation caused by non-infectious factors belong to this category, that is, prepuce and glans inflammation caused by pathogenic microorganisms as the dominant factor, among which bacterial and fungal infections are the most common.

　　2. Due to unclean sexual intercourse, infections such as Candida albicans, trichomonas, chlamydia, mycoplasma, and gonorrhea, including gonococci, can cause prepuce and glans inflammation. Non-infectious factors are mostly due to long prepuce, insufficient cleaning, unclean substances between the prepuce and glans, that is, prepuce垢, which accumulate and stimulate the local prepuce and mucosa to cause inflammation.

　　3. Prepuce and glans inflammation can also be caused by local physical factors such as long prepuce, poor reversal, trauma, friction, condom, soap, and cleaning agents that stimulate the local area.

　　1. Male glans inflammation can lead to the occurrence of male infertility:Due to the long-term stimulation of inflammatory factors on the regulation of sperm and sexual response in the reproductive system, as well as the hidden inflammatory secretions in the prepuce entering the vagina during sexual intercourse together with seminal fluid, the quality of seminal fluid is reduced, and the oocytes are destroyed, leading to male infertility.

　　2. It can produce dry and obstructive glans inflammation:Dry prepuce and glans inflammation is a more serious pathological injury of prepuce and glans inflammation, which destroys the physiological structure of the prepuce and glans, affects sexual life and aesthetics, and is also a common factor of premature ejaculation.

　　3. Male glans inflammation can harm the health of the reproductive system:Prepuce and glans inflammation is prone to cause inflammation of the prostate, orchitis, epididymitis, and other seminal duct organs. If not treated promptly and effectively, the mutual infection can cause great harm to reproductive health.

　　4. Male glans inflammation can cause urinary system diseases:Prepuce and glans inflammation is also prone to cause ascending infection of the urinary system, which is generally more common in cystitis, nephritis, pyelonephritis, etc. Especially, chronic glans inflammation that is difficult to heal can easily lead to urinary system diseases, and improper treatment during the acute stage can be life-threatening.

　　5. Male glans inflammation can lead to male sexual dysfunction:The prepuce and glans inflammation period, the sexual sensory nerves of the glans are in a sensitive period, and the damage caused by inflammation makes it easy to premature ejaculation during sexual life, and long-term can lead to the occurrence of impotence. Moreover, the thickened narrow ring formed by the atrophy and adhesion of the prepuce can cause insufficient rigidity (impotence) when the penis is erect due to backward traction and compression.

　　急性浅表性包皮龟头炎初起时局部潮红，阴茎的皮肤发红、肿胀，自觉龟头有灼热和瘙痒的感觉。翻开包皮，可见包皮内面及龟头充血糜烂，有渗液，甚至出血。继发细菌感染后形成溃疡面，并有恶臭的乳白色脓性分泌物。上述症状可因局部摩擦，或因包皮翻转不良、分泌物积聚刺激创面而使炎症加重。自觉症状为局部疼痛，摩擦后更为明显，病人感到行动不便。局部炎症显著者，可伴有轻度全身症状，如疲劳、乏力、低热、腹股沟淋巴结肿大等。

　　1、注意局部卫生，每日清洗龟头和包皮。如包皮过长，要及时治疗，必要时进行包皮环切术，及时清洁包皮垢很有必要。

　　2、夫妇一方患有性器官疾病时，要暂停性生活，及时治疗。如患有滴虫性或白色念珠菌感染，要夫妇同时治疗。

　　3、避免不洁性交，保持洁身自好。

　　4、如形成溃疡或糜烂，要及时换药，每日换药2次，避免不适的刺激。

　　5、对于急性包皮龟头炎，应避免使用皮质类固醇激素药膏，以免引起更严重的感染。

　　1、检查化验：念珠菌性龟头炎（包皮炎）可以在病变的龟头、包皮上取材镜检或培养，以找到念珠菌。滴虫性龟头炎可以在分泌物上找到滴虫。

　　2、直接镜检：刮取阴茎龟头、冠状沟或包皮处皮损表面的鳞屑作为待检标本。将待检标本用10%氢氧化钾或生理盐水制片，镜下可见成群的卵圆形孢子和假菌丝。如找到较多的假菌丝时，说明念珠菌处于致病阶段。

　　3、染色检查：也可以使用革兰染色法、刚果红染色或PAS染色法染色后镜检，其阳性率均比直接镜检法高。革兰染色，孢子和假菌丝染成蓝色；刚果红和PAS染色，孢子和假菌丝则染成红色。

　　4、分离培养：对于涂片检查阴性的患者，可以进行念珠菌培养。在无菌条件下，将受检标本接种于沙氏培养基上。接种时，将试管培养基斜而割破少许，每管接种2-3处，每份标本接种2管。将培养基放入37℃温箱内孵育24-48小时后观察，可见大量乳白色菌落生长。用接种针挑取少量菌落涂片，直接镜检或染色后镜检，可见大量芽孢子，可初步诊断为念珠菌感染。

　　5、念珠菌抗体检查：White念珠菌抗体可通过免疫双扩法或胶乳凝法检测。

　　Balanoposthitis should be treated in a timely manner. If not treated properly, it can cause recurrent balanitis, leading to recurrent inflammatory minor fissures at the foreskin orifice and the inner plate skin.

　　Firstly, dietary therapy for balanitis:

　　1. Take 1 loofah, 50g of glutinous rice, and an appropriate amount of sugar. Boil the porridge until half done, add the loofah when the porridge is cooked, remove the loofah and add sugar, eat the porridge. It can clear heat and detoxify, cool the blood and reduce boils.

　　2. Take 50g of mung beans and 100g of glutinous rice to make porridge for consumption, which can clear heat and detoxify, and reduce edema.

　　3. Winter melon drink: take 1 tender winter melon (about 500g), wash it clean with the green skin cut into slices, add an appropriate amount of water, a little salt and seasoning, cook until done and eat it. It has the effect of clearing heat and dampness.

　　4. Take 50g of red beans and 500g of glutinous rice to make porridge for consumption, which can clear heat and detoxify, and promote diuresis and reduce swelling.

　　5. Take 4 clean pork feet, add 50g of scallions and an appropriate amount of salt, put them in the pot and simmer over low heat until tender, eat the meat and drink the soup in several servings. It has the effect of detoxifying and reducing swelling.

　　6. Take 250g of fresh toon leaves, wash and chop them, mix with a little flour and salt, 500g of vegetable oil, heat the oil, pour the paste into the oil, fry until golden and remove it, eat it. It can clear heat and dampness, detoxify and reduce swelling.

　　Secondly, what foods are good for the body of patients with balanitis:

　　In terms of diet, it is advisable to eat light, eat more fresh vegetables and fruits.

　　Thirdly, what foods are bad for the body of patients with balanitis:

　　1. Avoid spicy foods: such as chili, mustard, etc.

　　2. Abstain from habits such as smoking and drinking.

　　1. Keep the local area clean and avoid irritation.

　　2. Local treatment is very important. For those mainly with dry desquamation, apply corticosteroid ointment. For those mainly with erosion and exudation, apply potassium permanganate solution or phenol solution for wet dressing. Change the dressing on the ulcer surface daily and perform physical therapy.

　　3. For those with significant infection accompanied by fever and lymphadenopathy, systemic application of antibiotics can be used.

　　4. For those with clear etiology, special treatment should be carried out for the pathogenic factors. For example, for candidal balanoposthitis, apply nystatin or ketoconazole locally. For amebic balanoposthitis, inject emetine. For trichomonas balanoposthitis, metronidazole or tinidazole can be given.

　　5. For those with phimosis, circumcision should be performed after the acute inflammation is controlled.