Orchitis

　　Orchitis is a common urological disease, which is mainly divided into two types in clinical practice: acute suppurative orchitis and parotitis orchitis, among which acute suppurative orchitis is the most common. There are many causes of orchitis, such as infection, trauma, and tumor can all cause orchitis. Adult infection is often due to the direct spread of epididymitis to the testicle or infection via the blood, which is commonly referred to as epididymo-orchitis in clinical practice. The main cause of the disease is Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. Acute orchitis in children is often caused by the mumps virus.

　　The common pathogenic bacteria of orchitis are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and so on. Viruses can directly invade the testicle, the most common being the mumps virus. This pathogen mainly invades the parotid glands of children, causing the disease "big mouth". However, this virus also has a preference for attacking the testicle, so it often appears soon after the onset of mumps, leading to viral orchitis.

　　1. Induce serious diseases such as varicocele, epididymitis, prostatitis, endocrine diseases, kidney diseases such as nephritis, urinary tract infection diseases, malignant tumors, and so on.

　　2. Lead to a decrease in male sexual function, even complete loss of sexual function.

　　3. Lead to dead sperm, azoospermia, loss of fertility, and infect the spouse with inflammatory pathogens, causing gynecological diseases.

　　4. Long-term treatment of orchitis can cause kidney deficiency, consumption of vital energy, cold limbs, sore back and waist, and premature aging.

　　Patients with orchitis may have a history of epididymitis, the use of urinary tract instruments, or surgery, as well as a history of trauma. Physical examination shows redness and swelling of the scrotal skin, enlargement of the testicle, marked tenderness, often accompanied by hydrocele. Patients may also experience:

　　1. High fever and aversion to cold.

　　2. Testicular pain, with radiation pain in the scrotum, groin, and inguinal region.

　　3. The affected testicle is swollen and painful, and if it becomes purulent, there is a fluctuating sensation when touched.

　　4. It is often accompanied by redness and swelling of the scrotal skin and serous fluid in the scrotum.

　　5. In children with viral orchitis, sometimes parotid swelling and pain can be seen.

　　It is generally believed that orchitis should be treated early with a large amount of broad-spectrum effective antibiotics by vein to control inflammation, in order to reduce the occurrence of purulent orchitis and orchitis abscess, especially attention should be paid to acute parotitis orchitis. Bilateral lesions of acute parotitis orchitis can cause irreversible destruction of spermatogenic activity and even testicular atrophy, leading to male infertility. Therefore, the key to preventing orchitis is that children under one year of age who are susceptible can be vaccinated, and the use of live attenuated mumps vaccine can prevent mumps and its associated orchitis. Mumps hyperimmune globulin can alleviate the progression of the disease. The routine use of estrogen or adrenal corticosteroids may have a preventive effect on orchitis in children with mumps, but there is still controversy at present.

　　1. Middle-aged men should pay attention to the maintenance of their testicles. Testicle maintenance is an important means to solve men's sexual dysfunction. Men can massage their testicles with both hands while bathing or before going to bed, gently squeezing the testicles with the thumb and massaging them in both clockwise and counterclockwise directions for ten minutes each, and long-term persistence will definitely be beneficial.

　　2. If an unusual pain is felt during massage, it may be orchitis or epididymitis, please go to the hospital for a timely check-up.

　　3. Bilateral orchitis in acute orchitis can cause irreversible damage to spermatogenic activity, even atrophy of the testicle, leading to male infertility.

　　4. Eat more fresh vegetables and fruits, increase the intake of vitamin C and other components to enhance the body's anti-inflammatory ability.

　　5. Eat less "inducing" food such as pork feet, fish soup, and lamb to avoid increasing the secretion of the inflamed area, further infiltrating and spreading orchitis, and aggravating symptoms.

　　6. Pay attention not to eat spicy and刺激性 food, do not smoke or drink alcohol, do not stand or sit for a long time, do not oversex, do not frequently masturbate, etc.

　　When the patient with orchitis examines himself, he should relax the scrotum to feel the hard mass and other abnormalities. While examining, stand with both feet, feel whether there is a mass or other abnormalities. The normal testicle is oval, smooth, and of medium hardness. If you cannot distinguish, you can also do other examinations.

　　1. Local examination

　　After the mass in both scrotal sacs, it can roughly distinguish between benign and malignant lesions. It is not advisable to perform local puncture biopsy of testicular tumor after suspecting testicular tumor, as it is more likely to cause tumor metastasis. The diagnosis of the nature of testicular tumor depends on the pathological report after surgery.

　　2. Ultrasound examination

　　It can accurately determine the size, shape, and whether there is a tumor in the testicle. All patients with cryptorchidism can understand the development of the testicle and whether it is enlarged or malignant.

　　3. Blood test

　　Tumor marker human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG, normal value

　　4. Chest X-ray examination

　　Including fluoroscopy or taking a chest X-ray.

　　5. Computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

　　It can more accurately understand whether there is metastasis in the retroperitoneum, which is especially beneficial for patients who have not undergone orchidectomy and may have undergone malignant transformation.

　　Patients with orchitis should eat more fresh vegetables and fruits to increase the intake of vitamin C and other components to enhance the body's anti-inflammatory ability. Pay special attention not to eat spicy and刺激性 food; do not smoke or drink alcohol; eat less "inducing" food such as pork feet, fish soup, and lamb to avoid increasing the secretion of the inflamed area, further infiltrating and spreading orchitis, and aggravating symptoms.

　　1. Pumpkin flower meatball soup

　　5 flowers of pumpkin, 50g of lean pork, and seasonings in appropriate amounts. Rinse the pumpkin flowers with water, drain; remove the roots of scallions, clean and chop into small pieces; mix the minced meat with seasonings and scallion pieces, shape into meatballs, and cook in boiling water. When the meatballs float to the surface, add the pumpkin flowers, continue to boil twice, add seasonings, and boil for one or two boils. Take one dose daily.

　　2. Saussurea involucrata lean pork soup

　　10g of saussurea involucrata, 100g of lean pork, and seasonings in appropriate amounts. Clean the saussurea involucrata; clean the lean pork, cut into pieces, and place in a pot with an appropriate amount of water to boil. Then add the saussurea involucrata, boil until the pork is tender. Add scallion slices, salt, monosodium glutamate, pork fat, ginger juice, and pepper to taste. Take one dose daily.

　　3. Stir-fried Chinese mustard with wolfberry sprouts

　　Chinese mustard, wolfberry sprouts, and seasonings in appropriate amounts. Clean the Chinese mustard and wolfberry sprouts, cut into segments. Heat a sufficient amount of vegetable oil in a pot, add scallions and ginger to flavor, then add Chinese mustard and wolfberry sprouts, stir-fry until cooked. Add salt, monosodium glutamate, and other seasonings. Take two doses daily.

　　4. Herba Houttuyniae Mixed with Radish

　　Herba Houttuyniae, radish, and appropriate amounts of seasoning. Wash and cut the herbs and radish into sections; wash ginger and cut into strips; wash garlic and cut into grains; wash scallion and cut into particles. Put the herbs and radish in a dish, add ginger strips, garlic grains, sesame oil, vinegar, soy sauce, and chicken essence, mix well, and take two doses a day.

　　5. Chrysanthemum Eggplant Soup

　　40g of chrysanthemum flowers, appropriate amounts of eggplant and seasoning. Boil the chrysanthemum flowers in water for about 30 minutes, remove the residue and take the juice. Wash the eggplant, cut into oblique slices, and stir-fry in a hot vegetable oil pot until almost cooked. Add scallion, ginger, starch, and chrysanthemum juice, stir-fry for a moment, and add a few drops of sesame oil. Take one dose a day.

　　The treatment of orchitis mainly includes four categories: general treatment, antibiotic treatment, surgical treatment, and relief of testicular swelling and pain. The doctor will give advice according to the different conditions of the patient.

　　1. General Management

　　For mild acute orchitis, clinical treatment is mainly based on bed rest, local hot compress, and elevation of the scrotum, etc. Experts point out that such treatment methods are simple and effective for patients and can prevent the abuse of antibiotics.

　　2. Antibiotic Treatment

　　If the patient's condition does not improve after simple physical therapy, or if the patient's condition is severe, necessary antibiotic treatment must be carried out in a timely manner. Acute orchitis patients can be treated with systemic anti-infection drugs, which is particularly effective for patients with acute bacterial orchitis. Commonly used drugs include cephalosporins, such as Cefaclor, Yimishu, and fluoroquinolones. The treatment of acute orchitis usually adopts oral flucloxacillin or Tazocin for 5-7 days, or it can be chosen to intravenously drip penicillin twice a day and night for 3-5 days. If the patient is allergic to penicillin, lactobacillin can be used for intravenous drip or intramuscular injection of gentamicin.

　　3. Surgical Treatment

　　Surgical treatment can also be performed for patients with acute orchitis. If the testicle has formed an abscess, it should be incised for drainage. For severe atrophy and destruction of the testicle, orchidectomy on the affected side can be performed.

　　4. Relieve Testicular Swelling and Pain

　　1% procaine 10 ml can be used for the affected side of the spermatic cord blockage, which can relieve pain, reduce swelling, promote testicular blood circulation, and protect spermatogenic function.