Cystitis

　　Cystitis is a common urinary tract infection, mainly manifested by symptoms such as frequent urination, urgency, dysuria, hematuria, pyuria, lumbar and abdominal pain, etc. The causes of cystitis are numerous, mainly including the following points:

　　1. Bacterial infection:Common non-specific cystitis is caused by Escherichia coli, Paracoccus, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus, most often due to retrograde infection through the urethra.

　　2. Bladder itself lesions:Non-specific cystitis is prone to occur in cases with bladder stones, foreign bodies, and indwelling catheters, or in the presence of urinary tract obstruction and urinary disorders.

　　3. Unhealthy lifestyle:Work-related mental stress, frequent consumption of spicy foods, smoking and drinking, prolonged sitting and retaining urine, and not paying attention to perineal hygiene, among other lifestyle habits, can all lead to urinary system infection and cause cystitis.

　　4. Neurological damage:If there are neurological diseases or extensive pelvic surgery (uterus or rectal resection) after which the nerves that control the bladder are damaged, causing difficulty in urination and infection.

　　Cystitis is a common disease. Patients may have a burning sensation during urination and pain in the urethral area, accompanied by urgency and severe frequency of urination. If not treated in time, it may lead to serious complications.

　　1. Leading to bladder fibrosis:It reduces the bladder capacity, causing ureteral reflux, leading to renal edema and inflammation of the kidneys, and even renal necrosis and uremia.

　　2. Bladder cancer:About 85% of bladder cancers are induced by cystitis.

　　3. Renal tuberculosis disease:If there is a history of tuberculosis and there are still urinary tract irritation symptoms or abnormal urine sediment after active antibacterial treatment, it is an important sign that cystitis leads to renal tuberculosis.

　　4. Hydronephrosis:If patients with cystitis do not receive timely treatment, the inflammation may ascend to the kidneys along the urinary system, leading to severe hydronephrosis.

　　5. Bladder quality change:Cystitis is often caused by infectious bacteria, with predisposing factors including stones, foreign bodies, tumors, or obstructive lesions, including urinary dysfunction due to neurological diseases. The pathological changes of acute inflammatory cystitis include mucosal congestion, edema, hemorrhage, and ulceration, with pus or necrotic tissue.

　　Acute cystitis is an acute inflammatory disease of the bladder wall caused by non-specific bacterial infection. It has an abrupt onset and often occurs after overwork, exposure to cold, prolonged retention of urine, or after sexual activity. The course of the disease usually lasts for 1 to 2 weeks and resolves spontaneously or after treatment.

　　1. Bladder irritation signs:Patients with cystitis often have an acute onset, with obvious symptoms of bladder irritation such as frequent urination, urgency, and dysuria. The bladder and urethra may spasm, and in severe cases, it is difficult to leave the toilet and endure the pain. There is a burning sensation during urination, and the pain intensifies at the end of urination. There may be pain in the perineum and suprapubic area, and mild tenderness in the bladder area.

　　2. Abnormal urination:The urine is turbid with a foul smell of decay, there are pus cells in the urine, and hematuria is common, sometimes it is throughout the urine.

　　3. Simple bladder inflammation:

　　Bladder inflammation is a common urinary system infection disease. Once infected, it is very troublesome to treat, so doing a good job in the prevention of bladder inflammation is the key to staying away from bladder inflammation. To prevent bladder inflammation, the following points should be paid attention to in daily life:

　　1. Keep the perineum clean and hygienic to prevent urinary tract infection. Do not use fragrant bath products, as this may cause unnecessary chemical stimulation to the bladder lining. Change underwear frequently and take a bath regularly to keep the perineum clean and hygienic.

　　2. Pay attention to rest in daily life, avoid overwork, and avoid sitting for a long time. Drink plenty of water to effectively prevent bacterial invasion. It is not advisable to eat too much spicy and刺激性 food.

　　3. Avoid holding urine and maintain the habit of urinating every 2-3 hours during daily activities. Maintain regular and moderate sexual life, and immediately empty the bladder after sexual intercourse.

　　4. Do not wear tight-fitting clothing such as jeans.

　　5. Eat more fresh vegetables and diuretic fruits such as watermelons, green pears, melons, grapes, pineapples, etc.

　　The symptoms of bladder inflammation are relatively typical, and the diagnosis is generally not difficult. Based on the history of urinary frequency, urgency, and dysuria, the diagnosis can be made. In order to further confirm the diagnosis, some examinations are often needed. The examinations that need to be done for bladder inflammation include:

　　1. Laboratory examination:Blood count is normal, or there is a slight increase in white blood cells. Urinalysis shows a white blood cell count (or platelet count) of ≥10 cells/HP, with possible red blood cells but no casts; Gram staining of urine sediment smear, WBC ≥15-20 cells/HP; midstream urine culture, colony ≥108/L. Urinalysis often shows pyuria or bacteriuria, and sometimes gross hematuria or microscopic hematuria may be found. Urine culture can detect pathogenic bacteria.

　　2. X-ray examination:If there is a suspicion of kidney infection or other urinary and reproductive tract abnormalities, an X-ray examination is required. For patients with变形杆菌infection, if the treatment effect is poor or there is no effect at all, an X-ray examination should be performed to determine whether there is a urinary tract stone.

　　3. Urography:Chronic bladder inflammation shows a reduced bladder volume and rough or irregular bladder edges.

　　4. Ultrasound manifestations:The bladder cavity is reduced and the bladder wall is generally thickened.

　　5. CT manifestations:Chronic bladder inflammation is characterized by widespread irregular thickening of the bladder wall, shrinkage of the bladder, and rough or irregular edges. In cases of gangrenous bladder inflammation, bladder gases and pelvic inflammatory exudates may also be visible.

　　Bladder inflammation is a common urinary system disease. For patients with bladder inflammation, active treatment is very important, but a good diet is also very important for the recovery of the disease. Paying attention to diet can help bladder inflammation patients get rid of their troubles more quickly.

　　1. Bladder inflammation patients should eat more diuretic foods such as watermelons, pineapples, celery, grapes, pears, etc. Drink plenty of water to maintain a daily urine output of at least 1500 milliliters or more.

　　2. Patients with cystitis should eat more foods such as螺蛳, corn, mung beans, and scallion whites, which can help relieve symptoms such as frequent urination, urgency, and pain during urination.

　　3. Patients with cystitis should avoid eating spicy and irritating foods, as these foods can cause inflammation, congestion, and swelling pain, worsen the urinary tract irritation of cystitis, and even cause difficulty in urination and redness and swelling of the urethral orifice.

　　4. Patients with cystitis should avoid eating acidic foods, as the acidity of urine has a certain effect on bacterial growth. Avoiding acidic foods can make urine alkaline, inhibit bacterial growth, and reduce adverse reactions of drugs.

　　5. Patients with acute cystitis may have symptoms of fever, and should avoid foods that may exacerbate inflammation and fever.

　　6. During the onset period of the disease, patients with cystitis should not eat warm and tonifying foods such as mutton, red dates, longans, and dog meat. Avoid foods that promote damp-heat, such as desserts, alcohol, and high-fat foods, as these foods may worsen the condition.

　　In traditional Chinese medicine, cystitis belongs to the category of stranguria. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that stranguria is often caused by damp-heat in the bladder, deficiency of both the spleen and kidney, and consumption of kidney Yin, leading to the dysfunction of bladder Qi. Traditional Chinese medicine divides cystitis into damp-heat type and yin deficiency and damp-heat type, and adopts different herbal formulas for dialectical treatment.

　　1. Damp-Heat Type of Cystitis

　　Clinical Manifestations: Frequent and urgent urination, burning and stinging pain in the urethra, yellow and turbid urine, lumbago, aversion to cold and fever, dry stools, red tongue with thick yellow greasy fur, slippery and rapid pulse.

　　Treatment Method: Strengthening the Spleen and Promoting Diuresis.

　　Medication: Modified Bajing Powder.

　　Formula: Herba Epimedii, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Herba Plantaginis, Shigella flexneri, Rheum palmatum, Polygonum aviculare, Talcum, Equisetum hyemale, Gardenia jasminoides, Sparganium stoloniferum, Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Usage: Decoct the above herbs, 1 dose per day, 7 doses as a course of treatment.

　　2. Yin Deficiency and Damp-Heat Type

　　Clinical Manifestations: Frequent urination without relief, pain during urination, lumbago, fatigue, low fever in the afternoon, hot hands and feet, dry mouth and bitter taste, red tongue with thin yellow fur, fine and rapid pulse.

　　Treatment Method: Nourish Yin and Clear Heat, Promote Diuresis and Dredge the Urinary Tract.

　　Medication: Modified Zhizi Rehmannia Decoction.

　　Formula: Chinese yam, Alisma orientale, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Poria, Phellodendron amurense, Taraxacum mongolicum, Rehmannia glutinosa, Cornus officinalis, Paeonia lactiflora, Shigella flexneri.

　　Usage: Take 1 dose per day, 7 doses as a course of treatment.

　　For patients with cystitis who have symptoms such as hematuria, the formula of Xijie Decoction can be added or subtracted; if there are symptoms of yang deficiency, drugs such as Aconitum and Cinnamon can be added.