Pancreatic Cancer

　　Pancreatic cancer is one of the common malignant tumors in the digestive tract, and it is the most common among malignant tumors, mostly occurring in the head of the pancreas. Abdominal pain and painless jaundice are common symptoms of pancreatic head cancer. Diabetics who smoke heavily and have a diet high in fat and animal protein have a relatively higher incidence.

　　Drinking

　　The incidence of pancreatic cancer after drinking is also different among different races. According to the study by Silverman et al. on the relationship between drinking and the incidence of pancreatic cancer in African Americans and whites, compared to whites, black male heavy drinkers and female moderate drinkers have a higher incidence.

　　Diabetes

　　The causes of pancreatic cancer include the following: current experimental studies have shown that insulin can promote the growth of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro or in vivo; high concentrations of insulin can activate the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, producing growth-promoting effects including changes in cell cycle progression.

　　3. Helicobacter pylori

　　Research shows that there are Hp serum-positive results in patients with pancreatic cancer, which is significantly different from the control group, suggesting a correlation between Hp infection and pancreatic cancer.

　　4. Coffee

　　The survey found that coffee can increase the risk of pancreatic cancer by 4 times. Research proves that coffee can inhibit DNA repair and induce mitotic processes before DNA replication is completed, which is the main cause of its carcinogenicity.

　　Pancreatic cancer is a type of cancer, manifested as abdominal masses and abdominal pain, etc. The occurrence of a disease usually triggers other diseases. Then, what complications does pancreatic cancer cause, and what are the symptoms like?

　　1. Weight loss

　　The weight loss caused by pancreatic cancer is the most prominent, with significant weight loss appearing in the short term after onset, which can reach more than 30 jin, accompanied by weakness and fatigue.

　　2. Symptomatic diabetes

　　A few patients may initially present with symptoms of diabetes. Therefore, if diabetic patients experience persistent abdominal pain, or elderly people suddenly develop diabetes, or if the condition of existing diabetes suddenly worsens recently, they should be vigilant about the possibility of pancreatic cancer.

　　3. Thrombophlebitis

　　Patients with advanced pancreatic cancer may develop migratory thrombophlebitis or arterial thrombosis.

　　4. Psychiatric symptoms

　　Some patients with pancreatic cancer may show symptoms such as anxiety, impatience, depression, and personality changes.

　　It is difficult to detect early-stage pancreatic cancer, and most patients are only diagnosed at middle or late stages. The early symptoms of pancreatic cancer are very hidden and difficult to detect, but with more attention to physical condition, early detection is not impossible. Just by noticing the major characteristics of early-stage pancreatic cancer, it is not difficult.

　　1. Increasingly severe jaundice

　　Jaundice is one of the main symptoms of pancreatic cancer and is often the first symptom to be discovered. Generally speaking, jaundice deepens day by day, and the patient's feces turn clay-colored, the skin itches, and the serum bilirubin level increases significantly, while the transaminase level only slightly increases.

　　2. Abdominal pain

　　Tumors occur in the body and tail of the pancreas, and the pain increases with the course of the disease, which can be divided into dull pain, piercing pain, and colic pain, etc., and it worsens after meals. The pain intensifies at night, and it is also obvious when lying on the back or when the spine is extended. Severe abdominal pain may be accompanied by back pain.

　　3. Weight loss

　　It is obvious that patients will lose weight rapidly. On the one hand, it is related to the consumption of the tumor, and on the other hand, due to less intake of food, insufficient secretion of pancreatic juice affects the digestion and absorption of food, leading to secondary diabetes.

　　The survey shows that people who like to eat high-fat and high-calorie foods are more likely to develop colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer. In families where smoked, roasted, fried, and preserved foods are commonly consumed, the risk of stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, and pancreatic cancer increases. The increased consumption of edible oils and high-salt foods not only triggers hypertension and cardiovascular diseases but also produces hidden risks of colorectal and pancreatic cancer. The dietary principles for preventing pancreatic cancer are as follows:

　　Adjusting the dietary structure helps to prevent pancreatic cancer, and we should start with adjusting the dietary structure to prevent the occurrence of cancer. For example, do not eat burned or charred food, try to eat less high-fat, high-oil, and high-salt food, which can reduce more than 2/3 of the incidence of liver cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, and pancreatic cancer, etc.

　　In daily diet, it is also necessary to pay attention to keeping grains, beans, sweet potatoes, and other coarse grains as the main part of the diet. Fresh vegetables and fruits are indispensable every day, and fiber, carotene, vitamin E, and necessary minerals should be added to the diet. Participate in appropriate physical activities, avoid overweight and obesity, and strictly control the intake of animal foods and fats such as meat.

　　To control salt intake, it is necessary to live a regular life, greatly reduce social activities, and resolutely prohibit overeating and drinking. Eat light and do not overeat. Some people are busy with work every day and have casual meals for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. During holidays, they eat and drink excessively. The consequences are, the lighter ones cause indigestion and abdominal discomfort, and the heavier ones cause acute pancreatitis, even threatening life, and also plant hidden dangers for pancreatic cancer.

　　Pancreatic cancer is a relatively high incidence of malignant tumor, and the incidence is increasing. The treatment of pancreatic cancer lies in early treatment. It is also very important to screen for early pancreatic cancer in the general population. What kind of examination should ordinary people do to screen for pancreatic cancer?

　　1. Tumor markers such as carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), carbohydrate antigen 242 (CA242), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).

　　2. Ultrasound should be performed routinely for high-risk populations with pancreatic cancer, even if there are no abdominal symptoms.

　　3. Currently, enhanced spiral CT thin-section scanning is one of the most economical and practical methods for diagnosing pancreatic cancer. It can not only show bile duct and pancreatic duct dilation, but also show pancreatic masses, and can also show whether there is liver metastasis, peripancreatic lymphatic spread, ascites, and whether there is vascular invasion, etc. When combined with angiography, it can clearly show the relationship between the tumor and the peripancreatic blood vessels during the peak period of vascular enhancement.

　　Since most pancreatic cancers come from the main pancreatic duct, the sensitivity of ERCP can reach 95%, and it can show a long, irregular pancreatic duct. If it is a short and isolated pancreatic duct stricture, it must be differentiated from trauma and chronic pancreatitis. However, due to the invasiveness of ERCP, complications such as pancreatitis, cholangitis, and duodenal perforation may occur in 2% to 5% of cases, so it is generally advisable to avoid performing it.

　　Pancreatic cancer is a common and frequent disease in life, posing a great threat to people's health. Understanding the dietary taboos of pancreatic cancer is of great help to the recovery of patients with pancreatic cancer. So let's take a look at the introduction of dietary taboos for pancreatic cancer below.

　　Five types of food that are suitable to eat

　　1. Light, easy to digest, low-fat foods: lotus root starch, egg soup, etc.

　　2. Foods with anti-infection effects: wild duck meat, mung bean sprouts, olive, plum, mung beans, etc.

　　3. Foods with anti-cancer and analgesic effects: perch, walnut, bitter melon, etc.

　　4. Foods that enhance immunity and have anti-pancreatic cancer effects: turtle, sturgeon, yam, jujube, etc.

　　5. Cereals and lean pork, chicken, fish, shrimp, eggs, and dairy products, vegetables, fruits, etc.

　　II. Five Types of Food Taboos

　　1. Oily foods and high-animal-fat foods: fatty meat, peanuts, walnuts, etc.

　　2. Hard, sticky, and difficult-to-digest foods.

　　3. Rough fibrous foods that stimulate the intestines: chives, celery, etc.

　　4. Moldy, fried, smoked, and preserved foods: salted fish, walnuts, fried foods, etc.

　　5. Acids, spicy, and pungent foods: scallions, garlic, ginger, Sichuan pepper, chili, etc.

　　Currently, there are mainly three types of radical surgery for pancreatic cancer: pancreaticoduodenectomy, pancreaticoduodenectomy preserving the stomach and pylorus, and extended pancreaticoduodenectomy. Different surgical methods are chosen according to the condition of different patients.

　　1. Pancreaticoduodenectomy

　　Pancreaticoduodenectomy is one of the most classic radical surgical methods for pancreatic head cancer. The range of resection generally includes the distal part of the stomach, duodenum, pancreatic head, and lower end of the common bile duct, and the lymph nodes around the pancreatic head anterior and posterior, superior mesenteric artery, the root of the transverse colon mesentery, and the hepatic artery around the common hepatic artery and the hepatoduodenal ligament.

　　2. Pancreaticoduodenectomy Preserving the Stomach and Pylorus

　　The pancreaticoduodenectomy that preserves the stomach and pylorus retains the normal physiological function of the stomach, partially prevents gastroesophageal reflux, and improves the nutritional status. This operation does not require partial resection of the stomach, and the duodenal-jejunal anastomosis is relatively simple, shortening the operation time. In addition, a few patients may develop gastric retention after the operation. Pancreatic cancer often presents infiltrative growth and is prone to invade the portal vein and superior mesenteric arteries around the surrounding areas. In the past, many scholars regarded whether the tumor invades the mesenteric vessels and portal vein as a sign to judge whether the pancreatic cancer can be resected, so the resection rate is relatively low.

　　3. Extended Pancreaticoduodenectomy

　　The extended pancreaticoduodenectomy involves an expanded pancreaticoduodenectomy for those with partial involvement of the superior mesenteric vessels and portal vein, removing the tumor and involved vessels together, and reconstructing the vascular pathway with autologous vessels or artificial vessels. However, whether this operation can improve survival rates is still controversial. Due to the large surgical trauma, long operation time, and high technical requirements of the extended pancreaticoduodenectomy, the probability of complications may increase, so it should be chosen with caution.