Pork tapeworm disease

　　The pork tapeworm, also known as the Taenia solium, diphyllobothriasis, or the hookworm, is the main tapeworm that parasitizes humans in China. The adult worm is smaller than the beef tapeworm, thin and transparent, with a body length of 3 to 5 meters. The scolex is nearly spherical, without pigment, and measures 0.6 to 1mm. In addition to the four suckers, the top has 25 to 50 small hooks arranged in two concentric circles. The neck is slender. The strobila has fewer segments, about several hundred. The mature segments are nearly square. The gravid segments are narrow and long, with fewer uterine branches, 7 to 13, distributed in a multi-branched shape. The eggs are indistinguishable from those of the beef tapeworm.

　　The adult Taeniasis solium parasitizes in the human small intestine, and its gravid proglottids are shed from the strobila and excreted out with feces. When the intermediate host pig eats the gravid proglottids in the feces, the eggs are broken by the digestive juices in the duodenum, and the oncospheres escape and reach various parts of the host body through the blood flow or lymphatic flow along the intestinal wall. The body gradually grows, the intermediate cells dissolve to form a cavity filled with fluid, and it takes about 10 weeks to develop into a mature cysticercus. The cysticerci in the pig body are most abundant in muscles, with the most in the adductor muscles of the thigh. The mature cysticerci are elliptical, about 20mm×11mm, milky white and semi-transparent. If a person accidentally eats raw or undercooked pork containing cysticerci, the cysticercus cyst wall is digested in the stomach, the scolex is everted in the duodenum, and it adheres to the intestinal wall to develop into an adult tapeworm. Eggs can be found in the feces after about 2 to 3 months.

　　The adult tapeworm can survive in the human body for about 25 years. People can also sometimes ingest eggs by eating food contaminated with eggs or by swallowing proglottids that reflux to the pharynx during anthelmintic treatment. Eggs can also develop into cysticerci in the human body, causing Taeniasis cysticercosis. When cysticerci parasitize in important organs such as the brain and eyes, they can threaten life or cause serious damage.

　　The symptoms of Taeniasis solium are similar to those of Taeniasis saginata, generally without obvious symptoms. Taeniasis soliumA kind of intestinal tapeworm disease caused by the adult Taeniasis solium parasitizing in the human small intestine. It can be complicated by appendicitis or intestinal obstruction, as well as cysticercosis, etc.

　　The symptoms of Taeniasis solium are similar to those of Taeniasis saginata, generally without obvious symptoms. The number of parasites in the human intestine is usually one, occasionally two or more, and the maximum reported in China is 19. Clinical symptoms may include abdominal pain, nausea, indigestion, diarrhea, weight loss, and occasionally intestinal obstruction when the number of parasites is high. Similar to Taeniasis saginata, patients usually seek medical attention after finding proglottids in their feces.

　　The importance of Taeniasis solium lies in the risk of auto-infection with cysticercosis in patients with adult tapeworms in the intestinal tract. During retrograde peristalsis or anthelmintic treatment, there is a possibility that the gravid proglottids shed from the intestinal tract may reflux into the stomach, and after digestion and hatching, oncosphere cause auto-infection with cysticercosis. This route is more important than the ingestion of eggs due to poor hygiene habits or food contamination. Among 450 reported cases of cysticercosis, 21.6% had a history of intestinal tapeworm, while in China, it was 28.6% to 67.3%. Patients with Taeniasis solium have a concurrent incidence of cysticercosis ranging from 2.3% to 25%, and the longer the infection period, the greater the risk of auto-infection. Especially in patients with subcutaneous and epilepsy type cysticercosis, those with a history of intestinal tapeworm were 48.1% and 48.6% respectively. Therefore, patients with Taeniasis solium cannot ignore early and thorough treatment due to the lack of obvious symptoms.

　　Taeniasis solium is an infectious disease, so thoroughly treating patients is an effective measure to control the source of infection, not only to cure the patients, but also to reduce the incidence of cysticercosis. In recent years, the

　　1, Strengthen health education: Educate the public to change the bad habit of eating raw or half-cooked pork, strictly separate raw and cooked cooking utensils, and pay attention to personal hygiene. Strengthen the health inspection of food stalls, and people with Taeniasis solium should not engage in the food industry.

　　2, Strict meat inspection: Pigs must be inspected by the national designated health department before they can enter the market after slaughtering, and it is strictly forbidden to sell and buy 'millet pork'. After the pig hair is treated with sodium hydroxide or ferric chloride coloring solution, the color of the hair sheath at the root can change from white in healthy pigs to brown or brown in sick pigs, with an accuracy of 81.2% to 100%, which can be widely promoted. If the pork is chilled at -12 to -13°C for 12 hours after slaughtering, the cysticercus can be completely killed.

　　3, Change the method of raising pigs: Advocate for raising pigs in pens, so that there is no opportunity to be infected by human feces.

　　Taeniasis solium is the same as Taeniasis saginata. Sometimes, there may be a slight increase in eosinophils in the blood count. The positive rate of ova in feces or anal swabs is not high and cannot distinguish the species. The shape and number of uterine branches in the gravid proglottids excreted in the feces can help distinguish it from Taeniasis saginata. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay can detect antigen components in the patient's feces, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can amplify the species-specific DNA of ova or the body in the feces, to detect the adult Taeniasis solium in the human body, and can also help in diagnosis.

　　People with Taeniasis solium should pay attention to food hygiene, do not eat raw or half-cooked pork.

　　1, Steamed Pork with Quisqualis indica

　　It can treat children's intestinal roundworms and malnutrition and other symptoms. Whenever symptoms such as children not wanting to eat, pale complexion, gradual weight loss, abdominal pain and distension, thirst, and irritability appear, this dish can be eaten, and it is definitely effective.

　　Ingredients: 5-10 grams of Quisqualis indica, 100 grams of lean pork, a little salt.

　　Preparation: Remove the shell of the Quisqualis indica and take out the Quisqualis indica meat for later use. Grind the Quisqualis indica meat and lean pork together, add a little salt, and make meat cakes. Place the Quisqualis indica meat cakes in a plate, steam them with strong heat over boiling water, or place them on the rice surface when making congee to steam them until done.

　　Characteristics: The combination of the two meats is delicious, with a savory and salty taste.

　　2, Hainan Coconut Chicken Soup

　　Coconut meat and coconut milk can expel roundworms and pinworms. Walnut kernels are good for the brain. Chicken is nutritious. Children who are harmed by parasites can eat this soup to expel worms and maintain health.

　　Ingredients: 1 coconut, 1 chicken (about 600 grams in weight), 10 grams of ginger slices, 50 grams of walnuts, 50 grams of dates, about 1500 grams of water, a little salt.

　　Preparation: The chicken is cleaned, peeled, and placed in boiling water for about 5 minutes, then cut into large pieces. The walnuts are soaked in water to remove the oil taste. The jujube is cleaned and the seeds removed. The coconut juice is extracted, and the coconut meat is cut into pieces. Place the chicken, ginger slices, walnuts, dates, coconut juice, and coconut meat in 10 bowls of boiling water, add ginger slices, bring to a boil with high heat, then simmer over low heat for 3 hours, and season with salt to serve.

　　CharacteristicsTaste sweet and delicious, with a rich coconut fragrance.

　　Taeniasis solium has the risk of concurrent cysticercosis (cysticercosis), so patients need to pay attention to isolation and receive early and thorough treatment. In addition, pay attention to personal hygiene, wash hands after defecation and before meals to prevent self-infection.

　　The treatment method for anthelmintic disease is basically the same as that for taeniasis saginata, and the effect is better. Praziquantel 5mg/kg body weight can achieve an efficiency rate of more than 95% in the treatment of taeniasis solium. Recent studies have found that when praziquantel is used to treat taeniasis solium, it may trigger the appearance of symptoms of concurrent taeniasis solium, such as epilepsy attacks, severe headaches, etc. During large-scale treatment in epidemic areas, there may be a few patients with taeniasis solium who have concurrent brain cysticercosis. The use of praziquantel for tapeworm expulsion may also cause the degeneration, death, and rupture of brain cysticerci, stimulating brain tissue edema and inflammatory reaction, leading to dangerous brain edema and even cerebral hernia formation. Therefore, when treating individual patients with taeniasis solium who are confirmed to have no concurrent cysticercosis, a therapy of 5-10mg/kg body weight can be adopted. However, in areas with a high incidence of neurocysticercosis, especially during large-scale on-site treatment, it is advisable to use a low-dose therapy of 2.5mg/kg body weight, which can maintain the high efficacy of tapeworm expulsion while avoiding serious side effects.

　　To prevent nausea and vomiting during the treatment of taeniasis solium, in order to prevent the reverse flow of妊娠节片 into the stomach or duodenum, causing auto-infection of eggs and leading to cysticercosis. Before taking anthelmintics, you can take a small dose of chlorpromazine 12.5mg first, and take a laxative 50% magnesium sulfate 60ml two hours after taking anthelmintics. For patients with taeniasis solium complicated with brain cysticercosis, anthelmintic treatment should be performed in the hospital under strict observation. Generally, when treating cysticercosis, the intestinal tapeworms can also be removed at the same time.