Bacterial enteritis

　　The pathogenic bacteria of bacterial enteritis can be divided into two major categories: enterotoxin-producing and invasive. Enteritis caused by different pathogenic bacteria has different pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. The specific causes of the disease are described as follows.

　　1. The pathogenic bacteria of bacterial enteritis include Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Yersinia (causing enterocolitis), Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridia (causing canine hemorrhagic enteritis), etc. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is usually called Escherichia coli, which was discovered by Escherich in 1885. For a relatively long time, it was considered to be part of the normal intestinal flora and believed to be a non-pathogenic bacterium.

　　2. Common symptoms of bacterial enteritis include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, and fever. Generally, catching a cold or eating unclean food may cause bacterial enteritis.

　　Bacterial enteritis is prone to dehydration, electrolyte disorder, and acidosis, with mild systemic toxic symptoms. Dehydration and acidosis are the main causes of death from acute diarrhea. Normally, the carbon dioxide produced by metabolic processes in the body is exhaled through respiration, while the rest of the waste needs to be transported by water through the kidneys and excreted through urine. When dehydrated, urine volume decreases due to the loss of body water, and in severe cases, even no urine may be produced. This will cause the reduction of waste excretion produced by body metabolism to accumulate in the body, causing toxic symptoms in the body. The clinical manifestations, in addition to respiratory changes, may also include fatigue, weakness, and neurological symptoms. The main complications include hemorrhage, perforation, toxic megacolon, polyp proliferation, or malignancy, etc.

　　The symptoms of bacterial enteritis include diarrhea, fever, stools with mucus or pus, stools with a foul smell, and some with a sense of urgent defecation, even if there is a feeling that the stools are not completely evacuated. The specific clinical manifestations are described as follows.

　　1. Enterotoxin-induced bacterial enteritis:The pathogen mainly infects the small intestine, therefore, the basic clinical manifestation is frequent diarrhea, with large amounts of watery stools, without pus or blood, generally without abdominal pain or urgent defecation, often accompanied by vomiting, prone to dehydration, electrolyte disorder, and acidosis, with mild systemic toxic symptoms.

　　2. Invasive bacterial enteritis:The basic clinical manifestations of this type of enteritis are significant systemic toxic shock, with high fever, and severe patients may develop septic shock. Stools may present as mucous purulent stools, with less amount and more frequency. Abdominal pain is marked, presenting as colicky pain.

　　The occurrence of bacterial enteritis is related to bacterial infection, therefore, the prevention of this disease mainly focuses on preventing the cause, and the specific preventive measures are described as follows.

　　1. Improve the environmental hygiene, strengthen the management of toilets and feces, eliminate the breeding places of flies, and mobilize the masses to eliminate flies.

　　2. Strengthen the management of dietary hygiene and water sources, especially for individuals and food stalls, and do a good job of health supervision and inspection work.

　　3. Regular stool examination and bacterial culture should be conducted for cooks and caregivers in collective units and kindergartens.

　　4. Strengthen health education, everyone should wash their hands before meals and after defecation, do not drink unboiled water, do not eat deteriorated and rotting food, and do not eat food contaminated by flies.

　　5. Do not overeat to avoid reducing the resistance of the gastrointestinal tract.

　　Strengthen food hygiene management, and food that has deteriorated or been contaminated by Salmonella is not allowed to be sold.

　　Do not eat the meat and viscera of dead livestock. Meat, poultry, eggs, etc. should be cooked before eating.

　　The main symptoms of bacterial enteritis are abdominal pain and diarrhea, and some may cause fever. The following examinations need to be done for bacterial enteritis:

　　1. Electrolyte examination.

　　2. Stool microscopy.

　　3. Vomitus examination.

　　4. Sigmoidoscopy.

　　Patients with bacterial enteritis should have a light diet, regular meals. Do not eat刺激性 food, eat soft and easily digestible food, and mainly vegetarian. Drink plenty of water in daily life to keep the intestines and stomach unobstructed. Eat high-calorie, high-protein, and high-vitamin foods. Avoid fried foods; avoid foods that cause bloating; avoid spicy and irritating foods.

　　For bacterial enteritis, it is best to select antibacterial drugs based on the results of the bacterial drug sensitivity test. The specific treatment methods are described as follows.

　　1. Antibiotics such as amoxicillin and penicillin can be used. Before taking medication, it is necessary to go to the hospital for routine stool examination and bacterial culture, and to select the appropriate antibiotic according to the type of growing bacteria.

　　2. Those with mild dehydration and not severe vomiting can take oral rehydration solutions. The WHO recommended oral rehydration solution formula is sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, potassium chloride, glucose or sucrose, added with water. Those with severe dehydration or vomiting can receive intravenous infusion of normal saline, isotonic sodium bicarbonate and potassium chloride solutions, as well as glucose.

　　3. Recovery period oral intestinal mucosal protectant (Simeta) and microecological regulator (Peifengkang) can accelerate the control of diarrhea.