Melanotic macula-gastrointestinal polyposis syndrome

　　Melanocytic nevus-gastrointestinal polyposis syndrome is a hereditary disease, and the etiology is not yet clear at present, which may be related to the following factors.

　　1. Genetic and immune factors, the specific cause is not yet clear.

　　2. External factors: sunlight includes visible light, infrared rays, and ultraviolet rays, among which UVC (the shortest wavelength of ultraviolet light) has a harmful effect on the DNA in human cells. If exposed to ultraviolet light for a long time, it can cause skin diseases, skin cancer, and even gene mutation, which is generally malignant. Therefore, skin cells will physically release melanin, which can effectively absorb ultraviolet light and reduce the impact of ultraviolet light on the human body.

　　3. When the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light, a brown pigment called melanin is produced, and the original function of melanin is to protect the skin from ultraviolet damage. However, after the protective task is completed, it will become dirt that peels off. When the body's metabolism is poor, some pigments will remain on the skin surface, forming freckles.

　　Melanocytic nevus-gastrointestinal polyposis syndrome is prone to complications such as intussusception, intestinal bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, and intestinal obstruction. Large bleeding from polyps can cause anemia in patients. It can also occur with reproductive organ tumors.

　　Patients with melanocytic nevus-gastrointestinal polyposis syndrome have obvious melanocytic spots on the oral mucosa and lips, which can be single or multiple, brown or black, with a diameter of 1 to 5 mm, and irregularly circular or elliptical in shape. The color is deepest before and after puberty, and it is lighter in childhood and old age. Some patients also have varying degrees of pigmented spots on the face and hands.

　　Polyps are more common in the small intestine, usually without自觉 symptoms, and occasionally occur in intussusception and intestinal bleeding. Large amounts of gastrointestinal bleeding often suggest gastric or duodenal polyps. Polyps can directly or indirectly induce intussusception, at which time abdominal colic and a series of intestinal obstruction symptoms may occur. Compared with intussusception in children or elderly people due to tumors, the symptoms caused by this disease are relatively mild, and abdominal pain usually lasts for 10 to 15 minutes and resolves spontaneously.

　　Melanocytic nevus-gastrointestinal polyposis syndrome is a hereditary disease. Therefore, the prevention of this disease mainly involves early detection, early diagnosis, and early treatment. Pregnant women should do a good job of genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis during pregnancy. Pregnant women should avoid contact with toxic and harmful substances and radiation during pregnancy. People should pay attention to a combination of work and rest in their daily lives, maintain an orderly life, and keep an optimistic, positive, and upward attitude towards life, which is very helpful for preventing diseases. Diet should be regular, and living habits should be normal, without overexertion, with a cheerful mind, and develop good living habits.

　　The examination of melanocytic斑-gastrointestinal polyposis syndrome includes barium meal X-ray examination, X-ray double contrast imaging, and fiberoptic endoscopy, etc., and the specific examination methods are described as follows.

　　1. Barium meal X-ray examination shows polyps of varying sizes, most less than 2 cm, most with pedicles, distributed densely and extensively. The lesion can affect the entire colon, even the stomach and small intestine. When the intestinal tract is filled, the edge is scalloped, and when pressure is applied, numerous dense small filling defects can be seen.

　　2. X-ray double contrast imaging shows a honeycomb-like pattern shadow.

　　3. Fiberoptic endoscopy can detect polyps in the stomach, duodenum, rectum, and colon, and can perform histopathological examination of living tissue.

　　Patients with melanocytic斑-gastrointestinal polyposis syndrome should eat foods that enhance gastrointestinal immunity; eat foods with anti-inflammatory effects; eat foods with high selenium content and other anti-tumor effects. Avoid eating foods with high melanin content; avoid eating foods with high nitrite content; avoid foods that cause boils. The specific dietary principles are as follows.

　　1. Do not eat too much salty and spicy food; do not eat overheated, cold, expired, or deteriorated food.

　　2. For the elderly, weak, or those with certain genetic predispositions to diseases, eat some cancer-preventive foods and alkaline foods with high alkaline content as appropriate. Maintain a good mental state.

　　Melanocytic斑-gastrointestinal polyposis syndrome is a congenital hereditary disease, so there is no special radical treatment. Mild intestinal bleeding can be treated conservatively. In cases where medical treatment is ineffective for severe bleeding, laparotomy can be performed to find the bleeding site and appropriate surgical treatment can be performed. Generally, palliative resection is not recommended, but surgery or endoscopic polypectomy can be performed when obstruction occurs, there are a large number of polyps, or the polyps are large. The general specific treatment plan is determined according to the location, presence or absence of a pedicle, the size of the pedicle, and the potential malignancy. The main surgical treatment is endoscopic high-frequency electrocoagulation polypectomy, or laser or microwave resection.