Male reproductive organ infection

　　Male reproductive organ infections can be caused by poor living habits, failure to pay attention to personal hygiene, and irregular sexual partners. These mainly refer to infections of the male reproductive system by viruses, bacteria, and parasites. The male reproductive organs include the external genitalia, accessory glands, epididymis, and testes, among others. Infections of these parts by gonococci, tuberculosis bacilli, viruses, mycoplasma, chlamydia trachomatis, trichomonas, and other non-specific pathogenic bacteria, chlamydia, mycoplasma, and viruses can all cause inflammation. These microorganisms are the main causes of male reproductive organ infections. Reproductive infections caused by viruses include genital warts and genital herpes; those caused by bacteria include gonorrhea and syphilis; scabies, trichomoniasis, and pubic lice are reproductive infections caused by parasites.

　　Common concurrent diseases of male reproductive organ infections include 'five inflammations', namely orchitis, urethritis, prostatitis, non-bacterial prostatitis, and epididymitis.

　　1, Orchitis
　　It is caused by various pathogenic bacteria and viruses through blood, lymphatic vessels, seminal ducts, or epididymis. In the acute phase, patients may present with red, swollen, and painful scrotal skin, with a significant feeling of坠胀 when walking. If the treatment in the acute phase is not appropriate, it may turn into chronic orchitis.

　　2, Urethritis
　　It is usually caused by retrograde infection, that is, the bacteria directly invade the urethra. In the acute phase, patients may present with urethral mucosal congestion and edema, or erosion and ulceration may form, with the urethral opening being red and swollen, with mucous or purulent secretions, urethral tenderness and hardening; in severe cases, it can affect the epididymis and spermatic cord.

　　3, Prostatitis
　　It is usually caused by the direct spread of urethritis, or by acute inflammation of other organs and tissues caused by blood and lymphatic infection. It is a common disease among young and middle-aged males. Acute prostatitis has an acute onset, mainly manifested as general weakness, lumbar pain, a sense of discomfort and descent in the perineum and anus, accompanied by dysuria, frequent urination, urgency, even hematuria. Some people may experience a decrease in libido, premature ejaculation, or impotence.

　　4, Non-bacterial prostatitis
　　There are symptoms such as frequent urination, urgency, and sexual dysfunction, but bacterial cultures cannot be found. It is mainly caused by oversexuality, prolonged state of sexual excitement, or factors such as pelvic congestion due to cycling or horseback riding.

　　5, Epididymitis
　 　It is caused by urethral stricture, benign prostatic hyperplasia, urethritis, and infection with tuberculosis and gonorrhea, which are induced by retrograde spread. The epididymis is attached to the posterior lateral side of the testicle and consists of a curved and coiled epididymis duct, which plays an important role in promoting sperm maturation, storing sperm, and absorbing degenerated sperm. Therefore, when there are lesions in both epididymides, infertility can occur. The symptoms in the acute phase are swelling and pain of the scrotum, which can extend to the lower abdomen and the root of the thigh, making walking difficult. If the treatment in the acute phase is not thorough, it can turn into chronic epididymitis, so it is necessary to treat it thoroughly in the acute phase.

　　Early symptoms of male reproductive infections may include some common initial symptoms. If they can be detected in time, they will be of great help to treatment.
　　Males, especially those who are often outside or have had improper sexual contact, should be vigilant about the possibility of sexually transmitted diseases. Due to the differences in the manifestations of various reproductive infections, the following introduces some common symptoms of male reproductive infections.

　　Skin or mucosal lesions:If there are symptoms such as erythema, papules, hard nodules, blisters, erosion, and ulcers on the external genitalia such as the prepuce, penis, or glans coronal sulcus, or on the anus, hands, eyelids, lips, tongue, pharynx, and other places, it may indicate a reproductive infection. For example, painful ulcers may be soft chancre, a single painless ulcer may be a primary syphilis chancre; burning pain or clusters of blisters may be genital herpes; itching, redness, erosion, and white cheesy-like secretions may be candidiasis; painless papillary or cauliflower-like warts may be condyloma acuminata; waxy umbilicated papules are often contagious molluscum; itching, gray-black small nodules on the pubic hair, and moving lice indicate pubic lice disease.

　　尿路出现症状：如果在前尿道部分有轻度的热感，尿道内流出异常分泌物，或者出现尿频、尿 急、尿痛、排尿困难、尿闭以及终未血尿等症状，也可能患有生殖感染。如：尿道口见大量稠厚脓性分泌物可能是淋病；只有白色稀薄粘液可能是非淋球菌性尿道 炎；仅清晨或排尿后有少量分泌物，甚至挤压尿道时才见到少量灰白色粘液或脓性分泌物者可能是前列腺炎；出现尿频、尿急、排尿时剧痛及尿道口有灼热感，甚至 阴茎异常或持续勃起，可能是急性淋病；尿道口有炎性粘连而出现尿流分叉如喷泉状，则可能是亚急性淋病。

　　腹股沟淋巴结肿大：如果淋巴结柔软较痛可能是软下疳性横痃；较坚硬轻痛者可能是生殖感染淋巴肉芽肿；硬而无痛者可能是梅毒；全身淋巴结持续性肿大可能是艾滋病的慢性淋巴结综合症。

　　此外，肛门直肠疼痛、发炎、便秘，直肠有分泌物，里急后重和发热可能是生殖感染或生殖器疱疹。

　　男性生殖器官感染是一种非常严重的传染性疾病，对患者的身心健康都造成极为恶劣的影响。要有效预防男性生殖器官感染，除了避免不正当性行为的发生、降低感染的机会外，还需要注意以下内容：
　　1、不嫖娼，避免婚前性行为和婚外性行为，只与一个性伴侣发生性关系。
　　2、除正常性交之外，其他性行为如肛交、口交等也应同样避免，此些性行为也可间接传染性病病。
　　3、采取安全性行为；正确使用质量可靠的避孕套。据研究指，正确使用避孕套性交，可使传染病机率下降90％以上。
　　4、平时注意个人卫生，包皮过长者可施行包皮切除手术。研究指切除过长的包皮可减低爱滋病感染机会。
　　5、不吸毒，不与他人共用注射器、针头。
　　6、一定要在医生指导下接受输血和使用血液制品；不要滥用血白蛋白、丙种球蛋白等血制品。
　　7、有溃疡、皮疹等可疑症状时应及时就诊，让疾病早点治疗、治愈，减少并发症的可能性。
　　8、治疗期间暂停性生活。
　　9、配偶得性病应及时检查与治疗。
　　10、一般日常生活不容易传染性病，但应做好家庭内部的清洁卫生。防止对衣物等生活用品的污染，如勤晒洗被褥、患者内衣裤不要和小孩的混在一起洗；大人、小孩分床睡、分开使用浴盆、马桶圈每天擦洗等；一些容易被忽略的个人生活用品如牙刷、剃须刀和刮脸刀、浴巾应选择独自使用。

　　生殖器官感染的传播途径主要有3种：直接性接触传染。间接接触传染。胎盘产道感染。据统计，占90％以上的生殖感染是通过性交而直接传染的。因此首先要详细了解患者病史及生活史，结合临床表现的相关症状，再根据实验室检查结果，诊断男性生殖器官感染类型不难。目前，常用的实验室检测方法如下：

　　一、淋病
　　1、涂片法对男性急性尿道炎准确性高，但不适用于女性患者。
　　2、培养法最为准确，尤其适合女性患者。

　　二、非淋菌性尿道炎
　　1、涂片法检查尿道或宫颈分泌物中的中性粒白细胞，方法简便，但不能确定病原体。
　　2、沙眼衣原体抗原检测法简便，但有的检测方法敏感性不高。
　　3、支原体培养较可靠，但是解释结果宜慎重，应结合临床，因为正常人也可能培养阳性。

　　三、梅毒
　　1、暗视野显微镜检查适用于有硬下疳损害的患者。
　　2、非螺旋体血清学试验如快速血浆反应素试验（RPR）：为初筛试验，可有假阳性。
　　3、螺旋体血清学试验如梅毒螺旋体颗粒凝集试验（TPPA），为梅毒的确证试验，但不能用来判断疗效、随访等。

　　四、尖锐湿疣
　　一般凭临床表现即可诊断，必要时行5％醋白试验和组织病理检查。

　　五、生殖器疱疹
　　一般凭临床表现即可诊断，必要时行单纯疱疹病毒抗原检查。

　　生殖器感染危害着大家的心理健康，产生的不良影响使我们非常痛苦，一旦感染之后对于家人也会造成不利影响，而且患者病后也不好意思开口去看病，因此使疾病耽误，反复的出现，下面看看生殖器感染的调养原则。

　　生殖器感染患者要在饮食上多加注意，饮食宜清淡为主，对于生活中出现的有害食物要及时的避免，不要吃油炸、烧烤、含糖量高的食品，忌烟酒、咖啡等，尽量减少身体受到的刺激，增强身体需要的营养，从而提高抵抗能力。还要注意良好的休息睡眠，减少身体的疲劳，是身体处于放松的状态，对身体的恢复也是有利的。

　　预防生殖器感染就要注意养成良好的生活习惯，注意清洁干净的卫生环境，做好日常的清洁工作，避免不洁性生活。另外还要适当的进行身体的锻炼，增强身体对病原微生物的抵抗能力。

　　男性生殖器官感染主要是根据不同病原菌，采用口服或肌肉注射抗生素进行治疗。

　　1. The principle of treatment is to first clarify the nature of the infection: once urinary tract infection symptoms occur clinically, it must be determined whether it is bacterial, and it is best to perform culture and drug sensitivity testing to determine the type of pathogen, and then use medication targeted at the type of pathogen. However, it is often the case that clinical treatment has been initiated without obtaining pathogen testing, and there is no time to wait for culture results, which leads to a lack of treatment objectives and blindness in treatment.

　　2. It is necessary to differentiate between lower urinary tract infection and upper urinary tract infection, as they differ in treatment. The former has a poor prognosis and is prone to recurrence; the latter has a good prognosis and rarely recurs.

　　3. Blood-borne and ascending infections: Blood-borne and ascending infections differ in treatment. Blood-borne infections are acute, with high fever and chills, and obvious systemic symptoms, and high-concentration drugs or intravenous administration should be used; ascending infections are mainly characterized by bladder irritation, and high-concentration urinary drugs and antispasmodic drugs should be used, and blood-borne infections require intravenous administration.

　　4. It is necessary to investigate whether there is any obstruction in the urinary tract: because urinary tract obstruction is a direct predisposing factor for infection, and if there is obstruction after infection, it is difficult to cure, prone to produce drug-resistant strains, and also prone to recurrence.

　　5. It is necessary to clarify and correct the predisposing factors for urinary tract infection.

　　6. Variations in Urine pH: Before treatment, the pH value of urine should be measured when urinary tract infection occurs. If it is acidic, it indicates that the pathogenic bacteria are adapted to an acidic environment, and alkaline drugs such as sodium bicarbonate and sodium monohydrogen diphosphate should be used to alkalinize the urine to inhibit the growth of bacteria, and appropriate antibacterial drugs suitable for alkalinity should be used. Conversely, if the urine is alkaline, acidic drugs such as sodium dihydrogen diphosphate, ammonium chloride with methenamine, vitamin C, and antibiotics suitable for acidity should be used.

　　7. Treatment must be thorough to prevent chronic and acute urinary tract infections from developing due to improper treatment, including medication and dosage, which can produce drug-resistant strains and become chronic, often causing difficulties in treatment. After symptoms of urinary tract infection appear, appropriate treatment can alleviate symptoms within 24 to 48 hours, and generally, maintaining the original dose for 7 days is the best. If there is a history of infection, urinary tract obstruction, or other predisposing factors, the duration of medication must be extended, using maintenance doses for 2 to 6 weeks to prevent chronicity.