Colorectal polyps

　　It is due to the innate genetic susceptibility to pathological factors in the human body, which, under the stimulation and induction of factors such as emotions, diet, inflammation, infection, and decreased immune function, can form colorectal polyps. The fundamental reason for the recurrence, regeneration, and malignant transformation of colorectal polyps, as well as the successive onset of diseases in family members, is that the innate genetic susceptibility to pathological factors in the human body cannot be adjusted. This fundamental reason is called the theory of polyp genesis. Currently, the medical community has various views on the causes of colorectal polyps. Such as dietary factors, mental factors, functional factors, etc., but they are all difficult to explain the mechanism of polyp formation, regeneration, recurrence, malignant transformation, and the successive onset of susceptible populations. Familial colorectal polyps are related to genetic factors, with APC gene mutations on the long arm of chromosome 5. Some may be related to long-term inflammatory stimulation or genetics.

　　1. Large amount of hematochezia leading to chronic hemorrhagic anemia

　　Hematochezia is one of the main clinical manifestations of colorectal polyps, and long-term hematochezia can lead to anemia.

　　2. Intestinal stricture or obstruction

　　It often occurs in patients with extensive lesions and large polyps, and may cause intestinal obstruction in severe cases. Be vigilant about tumors and differentiate between benign and malignant ones.

　　3. Carcinoma

　　Inflammatory polyps and familial polyposis are related to colorectal carcinogenesis.

　　4. Others

　　Complications such as intussusception, intestinal perforation, massive hemorrhage, and hemorrhagic shock may occur.

　　The clinical symptoms of colorectal polyps are often not obvious. Even if some gastrointestinal symptoms appear, such as bloating, diarrhea, constipation, etc., they are often ignored due to their mildness and atypical nature. Patients usually present with hematochezia, bloody stools, and mucous bloody stools, often misdiagnosed as hemorrhoids or other anal diseases or 'dysentery,' delaying necessary examination. Any unexplained hematochezia or gastrointestinal symptoms, especially in middle-aged and elderly males over 40, should be further examined and diagnosed.

　　1. Develop good habits, quit smoking, and limit alcohol intake. The World Health Organization predicts that if people stop smoking, the world's cancer rate will decrease by one-third within five years. Secondly, do not drink heavily. Cigarettes and alcohol are highly acidic substances, and those who smoke and drink for a long time are prone to develop an acidic body.

　　2. Avoid eating too much salty and spicy food, and do not eat hot, cold, expired, or deteriorated food. The elderly, the weak, or those with a genetic predisposition to certain diseases should eat some cancer-preventive foods and alkaline foods with a high content of alkali to maintain a good mental state.

　　3. Maintain a good mental state to cope with stress, combine work and rest, and avoid overexertion. Stress is an important cause of cancer. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that stress leads to overexertion and physical weakness, resulting in a decrease in immune function, endocrine imbalance, and metabolic disorders in the body, leading to the deposition of acidic substances in the body. Stress can also lead to mental tension, causing Qi stagnation and blood stasis, internal fire, and other problems.

　　4. Strengthen physical exercise, enhance physical fitness, and spend more time in the sun. Sweating can help expel acidic substances from the body, avoiding the formation of an acidic body.

　　5. Live a regular life, and irregular lifestyle, such as staying up all night to sing karaoke, playing mahjong, and not returning home at night, will worsen acidification of the body and increase the risk of colorectal polyps. Good habits should be developed to maintain an alkaline体质, promote cell proliferation, and keep the disease of mutation at a distance.

　　5. Avoid eating contaminated food, such as contaminated water, crops, poultry, fish eggs, and moldy food. Eat some green organic food to prevent diseases from entering the body through the mouth.

　　1. Barium enema X-ray examination can sensitively detect colorectal polyps through the filling defect of barium, but it often cannot correctly classify and characterize the lesions.

　　2. Endoscopic examination of polyps must be followed by histological examination to understand the nature, type, and the presence of cancerous changes. Small polyps with a pedicle can be excised with biopsy forceps or snare and sent for examination, while large or broad-based polyps often can only be biopsied. It is the most important method for the detection and diagnosis of colorectal polyps.

　　3. Since the amount of villous components and the degree of atypical hyperplasia in different parts of the same adenoma are often different, the lesion at the biopsy site cannot completely represent the whole picture. The absence of cancer at the biopsy site also cannot definitely indicate that there is no cancer at other sites of the adenoma. Therefore, the degree of atypical hyperplasia and the absence of cancer in adenomas often require the removal of the entire tumor for careful section examination to be certain. The pathological results of the biopsy can be referred to, but are not the final conclusion.

　　To treat intestinal polyps, it is necessary to start with improving one's own constitution. This requires eating more alkaline foods, improving one's own acidic constitution, and at the same time, improving one's own immunity. At the same time, for patients with intestinal polyps, it is recommended to eat some alkaline foods such as dried radish, banana, orange, pumpkin, strawberry, soybeans, carrot, tomato, protein, dried plum, lemon, spinach, etc. In addition, patients with intestinal polyps should avoid strong acidic foods such as cakes made with sugar, persimmons, mackerel roe, egg yolk, cheese, katsuobushi, etc. Acidic foods: ham, pork, eel, beef, bacon.

　　The principle of treating colorectal polyps is to remove the polyps surgically as soon as they are found. The main method for removing polyps at present is various removal methods under endoscopy. They are selected according to the morphology, size, number, and presence or absence, length, thickness of the pedicle of the polyps:

　　1. High-frequency electrocoagulation loop resection method

　　Mainly used for pedunculated polyps.

　　2. High-frequency electrocoagulation ablation method

　　Mainly used for multiple hemispherical small polyps.

　　3. Mucosal stripping and embedding removal method

　　Mainly used for flat polyps or early cancer patients.

　　4. Biopsy forceps removal method

　　Mainly used for single or a few spherical small polyps, simple and easy to perform, and can also take a living tissue pathological examination.

　　5. Laser ablation and microwave thermal therapy

　　Suitable for those who do not need to leave histological specimens.

　　6. 'Close proximity' removal method

　　Mainly used for large polyps with long pedicles that are difficult to suspend in the intestinal lumen, using the large polyp close to the intestinal wall electrocoagulation resection method.

　　7. Phased batch removal method

　　Mainly used for patients with more than 10-20 polyps who cannot be removed in one operation.

　　8. Endoscopic, surgical, and combined treatment method

　　Mainly used for patients with polyps, where the sparse area of the polyps is surgically removed to achieve the therapeutic goal while maintaining the normal function of the large intestine.