Lymphoid polyps in children

　　1. Etiology

　　It is not yet clear, and some believe that the lymphoid hyperplasia is an allergic nonspecific reaction to viruses, anti-inflammatory drugs, or infections.

　　2. Pathogenesis

　　Lymphoid polyps can occur at any part of the intestinal tract, most commonly at the distal ileum and distal colon. Due to the hyperplasia of lymphatic tissue or aggregation of lymphocytes, the intestinal mucosa protrudes into nodules, with an average diameter of 1-5mm. In the central protruding part, due to ulcers, it can be concave, so the X-ray barium double contrast enema shows a uniform, centrally concave shadow filled with barium, which is the most reliable diagnostic method. This can be distinguished from juvenile polyps and multiple adenomatous polyps. Histological examination confirms that the intestinal mucosa is normal, and the protruding part is submucosal lymph nodes and enlarged lymphoid follicles. Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy can see evenly distributed small protuberances on the normal intestinal mucosa, some with ulcers at the apex, without pedicle formation, and bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract can be caused by ulcers.

　　Microcytic hypochromic anemia mainly includes:

　　1, Iron deficiency anemia:Refers to anemia caused by various reasons that deplete the stored iron in the body, affecting the maturation of red blood cells.

　　2, Hemoglobin synthesis disorder anemia:Mainly includes severe β-thalassemia, mild β-thalassemia, and HbH disease. They often have a family history.

　　3, Iron-deficient anemia:Including anemia of various causes, which is characterized by common mechanisms such as impaired hemoglobin synthesis and poor iron utilization, accompanied by ineffective erythropoiesis.

　　4, Transferrin deficiency:Also known as transferrinemia, it refers to the lack or deficiency of transferrin in the patient's plasma due to genetic defects. There is a large accumulation of iron in the liver, spleen, and pancreas, while there is no available iron in the bone marrow to synthesize hemoglobin. This disease is very rare.

　　5, Primary pulmonary hemosiderosis and pulmonary renal hemorrhagic syndrome:Primary pulmonary hemosiderosis is a rare disease of iron metabolism abnormality, characterized by widespread hemorrhage in the pulmonary capillaries, with a large amount of hemosiderin deposition in the alveoli, accompanied by iron deficiency anemia.

　　6, Chronic infectious anemia and others:Chronic infectious anemia, although serum iron is reduced, the total iron-binding capacity will not increase or may decrease, so the saturation of transferrin is normal or slightly increased. Serum ferritin is often increased. The number of iron-containing reticulocytes in the bone marrow is reduced, and the granules of hemosiderin are significantly increased. Other conditions such as lead poisoning can cause microcytic hypochromic anemia.

　　The preventive methods are the same as for infantile diarrhea, as the disease is currently believed to be related to viral and bacterial infections, as well as allergic reactions to anti-inflammatory drugs. Therefore, it is necessary to actively prevent various infectious diseases of the digestive tract. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the following measures to prevent infectious diseases of the digestive tract in children, namely breastfeeding, combined with China's experience in the prevention and treatment of digestive tract infections over the years. In view of the current prevention and treatment situation, the following measures are explicitly specified as the focus of the prevention work for digestive tract infectious diseases, namely, increasing the rate of exclusive breastfeeding for infants under 4 months of age; improving personal hygiene habits; washing hands before and after meals and defecation; properly handling children's feces; using sufficient clean water; harmless treatment of feces; applying safe and hygienic methods to prepare family food, especially adding complementary foods in a hygienic manner; strengthening hygiene management and supervision in the production, transportation, and sales processes of food. By carefully implementing the above points, it is certain to effectively prevent various infectious diseases of the digestive tract.

　　1, X-ray barium meal:Double-contrast barium enema shows uniform filling defects and central concave shadows filled with barium, which is the most reliable diagnostic method, and this point is different from juvenile polyps and multiple adenomatous polyposis.

　　2, Endoscopy:Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy shows evenly distributed small protuberances on the normal mucosa, some with ulcers at the apex and no pedicle formation.

　　3, Biopsy:It is normal mucosa, and the submucosa is lymphoid tissue hyperplasia.

　　1, Eat more:Fresh fruits and vegetables, low-fat, low-cholesterol foods such as: mushrooms, wood ear, celery, sprouts, kelp, lotus root, fish, rabbit meat, chicken, fresh beans, etc.

　　2, Eat more:Dried beans and their products.

　　3, Suitable for selection:Vegetable oils, not animal oils.

　　4, Eat less:Spicy foods such as chili and raw garlic.

　　5, Suitable for use:Cooking methods such as boiling, steaming, braising, stir-frying, mixing, blanching, and stewing, without cooking methods such as frying, roasting, or smoking.

　　Lymphoid polyps can occur at any part of the intestinal tract, most commonly at the distal ileum and distal colon, due to lymphoid tissue hyperplasia or lymphocyte aggregation, causing the intestinal mucosa to protrude into nodular shape. Since the disease has the characteristic of spontaneous regression, it is generally not necessary to treat. Or after diagnosis, symptomatic treatment can be given to control symptoms, attention should be paid to the decreased resistance of the patient during the illness process, infection should be prevented, and follow-up observation should be made until the symptoms subside.