Colorectal cancer

　　Etiology

　　1. Chronic inflammation of the colon.

　　2. Carcinogenesis of colonic adenomas.

　　3. Diet and carcinogens.

　　4. Staging of colorectal cancer (tumor):

　　If a patient is diagnosed with cancer, the doctor should determine the stage of colorectal cancer. The doctor needs to perform other examinations to determine the stage of cancer. Knowing the stage of cancer, the doctor can determine the best treatment method.

　　Stage 0: Cancer is in the early stage, and cancer cells only exist in the innermost layer of the intestine.

　　Stage Ⅰ: Cancer cells have invaded many areas of the inner wall of the colon.

　　Stage Ⅱ: Cancer cells have spread beyond the intestine to surrounding tissues but have not spread to the lymph nodes.

　　Stage Ⅲ: Cancer cells have spread to the surrounding lymph nodes but have not spread to other parts of the body.

　　Stage Ⅳ: Cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. Colorectal cancer is more likely to first metastasize to the liver and lungs.

　　Relapse period: Recurrent colorectal cancer means that cancer reappears after it has been cured. Cancer cells may recur in the intestine or in other parts of the body.

　　The treatment for stage 0 colorectal cancer mainly involves surgical operation, and chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or traditional Chinese medicine can be supplemented before and after surgery. The prognosis for rectal cancer is relatively good, with a 5-year survival rate of about 40-60% after radical resection in stage 0, so if it can be detected and operated on in time at stage 0, most cases can be cured. However, most rectal cancers in China are discovered late, and the overall surgical resection rate is relatively low, with a high proportion of advanced stages. The principle of surgery is to remove the intestine and its surrounding lymph nodes early to achieve radical cure; for patients with advanced stages that cannot be cured, traditional Chinese medicine treatment is mainly used.

　　What complications can colorectal cancer cause

　　1. The early stage of colorectal cancer is mainly manifested by hematochezia, followed by changes in defecation habits, incomplete defecation, urgency, and other symptoms. In addition, it is very easy to cause obstruction, produce intestinal stimulation symptoms, and other symptoms. Colorectal cancer has many prominent clinical manifestations, and patients need to be more careful. The early manifestations of colorectal cancer are mainly painless hematochezia, with red or bright red blood, which is very similar to the symptoms of early hemorrhoids. The later hematochezia is mostly dark red, mixed with mucus, blood, or pus in the stool.

　　2. Secondly, the change in defecation habits is a typical manifestation of colorectal cancer in the middle and late stages. Due to the rectal mass and the secretions produced, intestinal stimulation symptoms may occur, causing the patient to have frequent defecation, incomplete defecation, urgency, and other symptoms. However, the excrement is mostly mucus and pus-like, and the shape of the feces also changes, becoming thinner and thinner.

　　3. Due to the infiltration of the tumor around the circumference of the intestinal wall, the intestinal lumen becomes narrow, especially at the junction of the rectum and sigmoid colon, which is mostly a narrow, hard cancer, and it is very easy to cause obstruction. In the late stage of colorectal cancer, due to the long-term chronic consumption of the disease, some systemic cachexia may occur. In addition, anemia of unknown cause may occur. Patients should pay attention to these symptoms in a timely manner and seek medical examination and treatment at professional hospitals.

　　4. At the late stage of colorectal cancer, it often invades surrounding tissues and organs, such as the bladder and prostate, and nearby tissues, causing frequent urination, urgency, and difficulty in urination. It can also affect the sacral nerve plexus, leading to sacral and lumbar pain. Colorectal cancer can also metastasize to distant organs such as the liver, causing liver enlargement, ascites, jaundice, and even cachexia. In addition, complications such as anemia of unknown cause, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and decreased appetite may occur. Patients must pay attention to these symptoms in a timely manner and seek medical examination and treatment at professional hospitals.

　　1. Regularly carry out occult blood test in feces:Used for various gastrointestinal bleeding diseases, especially for the early detection and diagnosis of colorectal cancer

　　The occult blood test is:

　　(1) The internationally recognized colorectal cancer screening method;

　　(2) The routine examination items recommended widely by the American Cancer Society (ACS) for healthy people's physical examination;

　　(3) The 'Early Detection and Treatment Program Technical Plan for Colorectal Cancer' specially pointed out by China as the 'most valuable early screening index for colorectal cancer';

　　Currently, occult blood test is no longer confined to the traditional detection methods of the past. China has introduced advanced technology - the domestic occult blood test strip for feces, which can be easily self-tested at home.

　　2. More exercise:Don't sit for a long time without exercise during leisure time, and engage in more outdoor activities

　　Moderate exercise: Obesity, especially abdominal obesity, is an independent risk factor for colorectal cancer, and insufficient physical activity is a risk factor for colorectal cancer. Physical activity can affect colonic peristalsis and promote stool excretion, thereby preventing colorectal cancer. People who exercise regularly not only look younger but are also less likely to get cancer, especially colorectal cancer. People who run slowly for 30 minutes a day or engage in equivalent exercise have a 30% lower chance of developing colorectal cancer than the general population, the reasons are very complex, and it is difficult to explain. Some say that exercise can increase immunity, or that people who exercise regularly pay more attention to health preservation.

　　3. Pay attention to diet:Eat less cold, spicy, and刺激性 food

　　Dietary habits: Reasonably arrange daily meals, eat more fresh fruits, vegetables, and other foods rich in carbohydrates and rough fibers, and appropriately increase the proportion of coarse grains and mixed grains in staple foods, without being too fine and refined. (Prevent colorectal cancer - Reasonably arrange meals, eat more fresh fruits and vegetables, and foods rich in rough fibers; eat less high-fat and high-protein foods.) Change the habit of taking meat and high-protein foods as the main food. Eat less high-fat foods, especially control the intake of animal fats. Because high-fat and high-animal protein diets stimulate bile secretion on one hand, increase the amount of bile in the intestines, and the bile mainly contains bile acid and cholesterol, so the content of bile acid and cholesterol in feces increases; on the other hand, such diets can lead to the growth of a type of anaerobic bacterium in the contents of the large intestine (commonly known as fecal juice). These bacteria act on bile acid and cholesterol to form carcinogenic substances. While a low-fiber diet leads to less fecal volume, reduces the stimulation of the large intestine, slows down the peristalsis of the large intestine, and the above carcinogenic substances exist in the large intestine for a longer time, which will produce more carcinogenic substances. Therefore, high-fat, high-protein, and low-fiber diets produce more carcinogenic substances, act on the large intestine for a longer time, and inevitably increase the incidence of colorectal cancer. Prevent and treat intestinal diseases such as various polyps, chronic colitis (including ulcerative colitis), schistosomiasis, chronic dysentery, etc. Polyps in the intestines should be treated early. (Prevent colorectal cancer - Actively treat existing large intestinal diseases such as ulcerative colitis and intestinal adenomas.) Colorectal polyps are divided into five categories, among which adenomatous polyps are true tumor polyps and are a precancerous lesion of colorectal cancer. Therefore, when adenomas are found in the large intestine, treatment should be given, and the adenoma should be removed and pathological examination should be performed, hoping to remove it at the benign adenoma stage to prevent colorectal cancer. If not treated early, the vast majority will become colorectal cancer, and the prognosis is poor. Treat chronic constipation, pay attention to keep the bowels smooth. (Prevent colorectal cancer - Actively treat chronic constipation, pay attention to keep the bowels smooth.) Avoid the stool staying in the large intestine for too long, which increases the absorption of carcinogens. For high-risk groups of colorectal cancer, such as men over 40 years old, (Prevent colorectal cancer - If there are high-risk factors for colorectal cancer, it is recommended to consult or examine the hospital regularly) patients with familial multiple intestinal polyps, patients with ulcerative colitis, chronic schistosomiasis patients, and people with a family history of colorectal cancer should have regular examinations, be vigilant about the signs and early symptoms of colorectal cancer, such as changes in defecation habits, diarrhea and constipation alternating, bloody stool, and the shape of stool becoming flat and thin, etc.

　　The main examination items include rectal examination, colonoscopy, pathological examination, tumor marker measurement, barium enema contrast examination, ultrasound examination, telomerase activity detection, colorectal cancer CT examination, MRI examination, etc.

　　1. Colorectal cancer diet therapy formulas:

　　1. Mushroom congee: 30g of fresh mushrooms (or 9g of dried products), 30g of red glutinous rice, with salt, oil, and monosodium glutamate to taste. Take it on an empty stomach at one time.

　　2. Bamboo leaf and green bean dumplings: 1kg of fresh bamboo leaves, 500g of green beans, 2kg of glutinous rice. Wash and filter dry the bamboo leaves, soak the green beans in cold water for half an hour, and filter dry them together with the glutinous rice. Beat them evenly. Use 4 bamboo leaves, 30-40g of green bean glutinous rice, to wrap into triangular dumplings or square dumplings, and tie them firmly with string. Then, put the dumplings in the pot, immerse them in cold water, and boil them with high heat for 3-4 hours until the soup thickens and the glutinous rice and green beans are fully cooked. Drink 1 small bowl of dumpling soup twice a day, and eat 2 dumplings each time.

　　3. Portulaca oleracea, 50g of eggs, or kiwi fruit in appropriate amount. Make food daily, 50g each time.

　　4. 30g of daylily, 15g of black fungus, 6g of blood residue carbon. Boil the first two into juice of 300ml and take it with blood residue carbon. You can also take fresh figs regularly.

　　5. And those with obvious anemia can use 30g of black fungus, 30 dates, made into food as a daily dose, and eat it every day.

　　2. What is good for the body in colorectal cancer:

　　1. Appropriately consume foods rich in unsaturated fatty acids, such as olive oil, tuna, etc.

　　2. Eat more foods rich in dietary fiber: konjac, soybeans and their products, fresh vegetables and fruits, algae, etc.

　　3. Use some coarse grains to replace fine grains.

　　4. Eat more fresh vegetables and fruits to supplement carotene and vitamin C.

　　5. Appropriately consume walnuts, peanuts, dairy products, seafood, etc., to supplement vitamin E.

　　6. Pay attention to consuming foods rich in trace element selenium, such as malt, fish, mushrooms, etc.

　　7. For those with leukopenia after radiotherapy or chemotherapy, millet, coix seed, water chestnuts, lotus seeds, etc., can be cooked into congee to be eaten with meals, and it is often eaten. Or eat more mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, button mushrooms, black fungus, silver ear, etc., which can enhance leukocytes and enhance the body's immunity.

　　3. What kind of food should be avoided for colorectal cancer:

　　1. Eat less or no food rich in saturated fat and cholesterol, including: lard, beef fat, fatty meat, animal internal organs, fish roe, etc.

　　2. Do not eat or eat less fried food.

　　3. Abstain from smoking and drinking alcohol.

　　1. Currently, the treatment of colorectal cancer mostly adopts a comprehensive treatment approach:

　　This includes surgical treatment, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and other treatments.

　　1. Surgery is the main treatment for colorectal cancer. According to the purpose of treatment, surgery can be divided into radical and palliative types.

　　2. Radiotherapy is mainly for rectal cancer, which can strengthen local control and reduce recurrence. Preoperative radiotherapy can also help improve the resection rate and anal preservation rate. Postoperative continued radiotherapy can reduce recurrence.

　　3. The importance of chemotherapy in the treatment of colorectal cancer is mainly reflected in the following aspects: first, preoperative chemotherapy can reduce the focus, increase the resection rate; second, postoperative chemotherapy as an auxiliary treatment to the surgery can kill residual foci, reduce recurrence and metastasis, and achieve the goal of根治colorectal cancer; finally, for patients with advanced colorectal cancer, chemotherapy can be used as a palliative treatment method to improve the quality of life of patients and prolong the survival time.

　　4. Targeted therapy Molecular targeted therapy is a new type of treatment that has been proven to be effective. According to the different specific sites of the tumor, anticancer drugs act specifically with them to kill tumor cells, with less impact on normal tissues. Compared with traditional chemotherapy, targeted therapy has fewer adverse reactions.

　　The three major effects of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of small intestinal cancer are:

　　1. Eliminate cancer mass - that is to eliminate the tumor mass

　　A series of anticancer drugs have the effects of clearing heat and detoxifying, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, softening and dispersing nodules, resolving phlegm and eliminating dampness, etc. After treatment, the tumor mass becomes soft, shrinks, and eventually reaches the goal of disappearance.

　　2. Eliminate cancer pain - cancer often causes pain symptoms in the late stage, or after metastasis and spread, and some are even severe pain.

　　The main cause of pain: it is caused by the traction or direct pressure of the tumor on the surrounding nerves; the traction of the tumor on the membrane of the organs; the infiltration and destruction of the toxins of cancer cells in the tissues and organs, and the stimulation of nerves. A series of anticancer drugs have a significant effect on eliminating tumor pain. Because it is killing cancer cells,

　　Pain relief based on the elimination of tumor mass, therefore, it has high efficiency and thoroughness. It is not addictive and does not relapse.

　　3. Eliminate fluid accumulation - if cancer cells invade the meninges, pleura, or peritoneum, it is easy to form hydrocephalus, pleural effusion, or ascites.

　　The conventional method is to drain water or diuretics. That is only a symptomatic treatment, not a fundamental cure. A series of anticancer drugs can strengthen the spleen and stomach, benefit the Qi and blood, improve the body's immunity, promote the balance of internal fluid metabolism, and eliminate hydrocephalus, pleural effusion, or ascites from the root. After the accumulation is eliminated, it generally does not recur or relapse.