Long-capsule tapeworm disease

　　1. Etiology

　　The adult worms are 20 to 60 cm long, with the widest part being 4 mm, and have 800 to 1000 somites. The scolex is round with 4 suckers and no rostellum. The mature segments have 3 round testes, and the ovary is leaf-like and divided into lobes in the center. The eggs are elliptical, measuring 60 to 80 μm in size, with a thick shell. The inner胚membrane is slightly elevated at both ends but lacks a filamentous body. The oncosphere has a pair of penetration glands.

　　The adult worms parasitize in the small intestine of the host, and the sloughed gravid segments and eggs are excreted with feces. After being eaten by intermediate hosts, the eggs hatch into oncospheres in their intestines, then pass through the intestinal wall into the blood cavity, and develop into metacestode-like forms within 7 to 10 days. Humans or rodents that ingest insects carrying metacestode-like forms will develop into adults within 12 to 13 days in the intestinal cavity. Beetles, fleas, cockroaches, lepidopteran insects, maggots, and myriapods can serve as intermediate hosts.

　　2. Pathogenesis

　　The adult worms mainly parasitize in the intestinal tract of rodents. The eggs are excreted with feces from the body of the host, and after being eaten by intermediate hosts such as grain beetles, cockroaches, fleas, etc., the oncosphere passes through the intestinal wall into the blood cavity, develops into a metacestode-like form within 7 to 10 days, and humans become infected by accidentally ingesting insects containing metacestode-like forms.

　　In addition to general symptoms, it can also cause other diseases, and anemia is common in the complications of this disease. Therefore, once found, active treatment should be carried out, and preventive measures should also be taken in daily life. This disease seriously affects the daily life of patients, so active prevention should be done.

　　Infected individuals generally have no obvious symptoms or only mild neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms, such as insomnia, headache, bruxism, nausea, bloating, and abdominal pain, and severe cases may appear dizziness, mental retardation, or cachexia.

　　Pay attention to personal hygiene and environmental hygiene, kill rats, wash hands before and after eating, and disinfect utensils. The patient's diet should be light and easy to digest, eat more vegetables and fruits, reasonably match the diet, and pay attention to adequate nutrition. In addition, patients should also pay attention to avoiding spicy, greasy, and cold foods.

　　The positive rate of anal swab examination for beef tapeworm eggs is high, and blood routine shows that eosinophils in some cases are slightly increased. Ask about the history of eating 'bean pork' and whether segments have been found in the feces. Although the eggs can be found in feces, the detection rate is not high. The method of checking feces for several consecutive days can improve the detection rate. However, it is impossible to distinguish the species of tapeworms based on the morphology of the eggs. If gravid segments can be obtained, the species can be determined according to the number of uterine branches. The discovery of segments in feces is the main complaint and reason for seeking medical treatment for most patients. Some patients have symptoms such as abdominal discomfort, abdominal pain, increased appetite, hunger, poor digestion, diarrhea, fatigue, headache, dizziness, and weight loss.

　　According to different symptoms, there are different dietary requirements. Please consult a doctor for specific dietary standards for specific diseases. The patient's diet should be light and easy to digest, eat more vegetables and fruits, reasonably match the diet, and pay attention to adequate nutrition. In addition, patients should also pay attention to avoiding spicy, greasy, and cold foods.

　　1. Treatment

　　Praziquantel, 15-25mg/kg, taken all at once, the efficacy can reach 98.5%, and other drugs such as areca nut decoction, niclosamide, or mebendazole can also be used, and continuous treatment for 3-5 days is required.

　　2. Prognosis

　　The prognosis of this disease is good.