Enteric tapeworm disease

　　Humans are the definitive hosts of Taenia solium and Taenia saginata, the causative agents of pork tapeworm and beef tapeworm infections, respectively. Therefore, feces are the only source of infection for pork tapeworm and beef tapeworm diseases. The eggs of Taenia solium or Taenia saginata excreted in feces can infect pigs or cattle, causing them to develop cysticercosis. Rats are the reservoir hosts for Short Taenia, thus rats and humans are the sources of infection for Short Taenia disease.

　　Pork tapeworm disease and beef tapeworm disease are caused by infection with pork or beef containing cysticercosis after eating raw or undercooked meat. This is related to dietary habits and can also be caused by eating raw meat filling or raw meat on the same cutting board and cooking utensils as cooked food, causing contamination of cooked food. Short corpuscle tapeworm disease is more common in children.

　　Tapeworm disease is a disease caused by the parasitic young tapeworms in the intestinal tract. The main diseases seen in China are beef tapeworm disease and pork tapeworm disease. Complications: sometimes there are signs of papilledema and optic atrophy. When the cysticercus dies, it can cause vitreous opacity, retinal detachment, optic atrophy, and complications such as cataracts, secondary glaucoma, leading to atrophy of the eye and blindness. Common complications include cysticercosis.

　　It takes 2 to 3 months from the ingestion of the cysticercus of pork or beef tapeworm to the appearance of worm segments in the feces, which is the incubation period. The incubation period of short corpuscle tapeworms is 2 to 4 weeks. The symptoms of tapeworm disease and beef tapeworm disease are usually mild, and patients often have no discomfort. The initial and only symptom is the discovery of white, strip-like segments in the feces. The segments shed by beef tapeworms have strong peristaltic ability and can often be automatically expelled from the anus. Half of the patients often have upper abdominal pain, a few may have weight loss, fatigue, increased appetite, and occasionally neurological symptoms such as grinding teeth and insomnia. Patients with pork tapeworm disease who have cysticercosis due to self-infection can account for 2.5% to 25% of the total, and the longer the infection period, the greater the risk. Light infections with short corpuscle tapeworms often have no symptoms, while severe infections can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, decreased appetite, dizziness, and weight loss.

　　Pork tapeworm and beef tapeworm attach to the mucosa of the small intestine with small hooks and (or) suckers, causing local injury and inflammation. Multiple tapeworms can occasionally lead to incomplete intestinal obstruction. The larvae of short corpuscle tapeworms can cause swelling of microvilli in the mucosa of the small intestine. The adult tapeworms can cause focal hemorrhage and superficial ulcers and other lesions. The tapeworms parasitizing in the human body absorb a large amount of nutrients from the intestinal tract, which can cause malnutrition and anemia in patients. The metabolic products of the worms may have certain toxic effects on the body.

　　The main preventive measures for tapeworm disease are the management of infectious sources, the general survey and treatment of patients. Prevent the infection of pigs and cattle, change free-range grazing to pen-raising, and prevent feed from being contaminated. Rodent control also plays an important role in preventing short and long corpuscle tapeworms.

　　Secondly, cut off the transmission route by strengthening meat inspection and prohibiting the sale of meat containing cysticercosis. Cysticercosis can be killed by storing at -10 degrees Celsius for 5 days. Strengthen health education, and eliminate the habit of eating raw meat in all places. Separate the utensils for raw and cooked food.

　　Individuals with a history of eating pork or beef, or those who have excreted white, strip-like segments in their feces. The presence of tapeworm eggs in the feces can confirm tapeworm disease, but the detection rate of pork tapeworm or beef tapeworm eggs is low. The examination of gravid segments not only confirms tapeworm disease but also distinguishes the type of tapeworm. The main inspection methods include the following:

　　1. Hemogram: In the early stage of the disease, the number of blood eosinophils may slightly increase, and the total number of white blood cells usually does not change.

　　2. Feces examination: The eggs of tapeworms can be checked by direct smear or egg collection method, and the diagnosis of tapeworm disease can be confirmed by the detection of eggs, but it cannot distinguish the species, because the eggs of pork tapeworm and bovine tapeworm are extremely similar, and it is also difficult to distinguish under the microscope.

　　3. Pregnancy segment examination: The compression film method is used to check, and the pregnant segments of the pork tapeworm can be seen, with 7-13 uterine branches, showing a branched shape; while the bovine tapeworm is 15-30, showing a paired branching shape.

　　4. Other recent immunological and molecular biological examinations: have high sensitivity and specificity for tapeworm disease diagnosis.

　　Attention to personal hygiene and dietary hygiene is the key to preventing intestinal tapeworm disease.

　　Currently, with the improvement of people's living standards, the opportunity to eat grilled meat and hotpot has greatly increased. However, it should be noted that even though the meat we eat is cooked, we often use the same tableware to pick up raw meat and eat cooked meat, which is bound to eat pathogens from raw meat. Therefore, we must use separate tableware when picking up raw meat while eating.

　　If we go to a restaurant to eat cold dishes, we must choose a restaurant that has separate operation rooms for raw and cooked food.

　　As a catering service staff, once you find that you have related symptoms, you must seek medical attention in time, because this not only concerns your own health, but may also lead to others being infected with diseases due to the contamination of food and tableware with worm eggs.

　　The main treatment method for intestinal tapeworm disease is deworming treatment:

　　1. Praziquantel for驱虫swine tapeworm or bovine tapeworm Take 10-20mg/kg, and 15-25mg/kg for short-cercaria tapeworm, taken all at once. No purge is required, and the efficacy can reach more than 95%. The drug mainly acts on the body surface of the worm, causing vacuolation, followed by rupture, and can cause muscle spasms in the worm body, causing the worm body to be excreted from the body with the peristalsis of the intestines. The side effects of praziquantel can be referred to in the schistosomiasis section.

　　2. Albendazole 400mg, twice a day, course of 3 days, with good efficacy, the intestines are rarely absorbed, and there are few side effects.