Cervical Polyps

　　Uterine polyps are a type of chronic endometritis. The main cause is that under the long-term stimulation of chronic inflammation, the cervical canal undergoes local mucosal hyperplasia and other lesions, and the hyperplastic mucosa gradually protrudes from the basal layer to the cervical orifice to form a polyp, which is prone to cause bleeding symptoms and easy to recur. The polyps are composed of endometrial tissue and often have changes in menstrual cycle in sync with the endometrium. A few polyps lack hormone receptors and only show hyperplastic changes, known as non-functional polyps. The histological characteristics of uterine polyps diagnosed by curettage show complete epithelial sheath around the tissue mass, disordered arrangement of glands, which may vary in size. Inflammatory polyps are accompanied by fibrous tissue hyperplasia and chronic inflammatory cell infiltration. The endometrium in the secretory phase mixed with non-functional polyps is more easily identified. Polyps with a large amount of smooth muscle tissue are called adenomyomatous polyps. Endometrial hyperplasia can form polyps, and some late secretory endometrium may show polypoid changes, which must be comprehensively considered with clinical and overall histological manifestations.

　　Uterine polyp patients often have excessive menstrual bleeding or irregular vaginal bleeding, which may lead to anemia. This disease may also cause secondary infection and tissue necrosis. Large polyps or polyps protruding from the cervix often lead to secondary infection and necrosis, causing irregular vaginal bleeding and bloody secretions with an unpleasant odor.

　　Uterine polyps generally have no symptoms, and solitary polyps are rare. Multiple and diffuse types often have excessive menstrual bleeding, prolonged menstrual periods, or irregular vaginal bleeding. Large polyps or polyps protruding from the cervix often lead to secondary infection and necrosis, causing irregular vaginal bleeding and bloody secretions with an unpleasant odor. Patients may experience infertility or vaginal bleeding after menopause. The specific early symptoms of this disease are as follows.

　　1. Prolapsed mass

　　If cervical polyps occur in unmarried young women, these patients may manifest as a prolapsed mass at the vaginal orifice.

　　2. Abnormal leukorrhea

　　When cervical polyp patients have an increase in leukorrhea or leukorrhea with blood streaks, they should consider the possibility of cervical polyps. This is because the cervix frequently contracts under the stimulation of inflammation, causing an increase in female secretions. The blood vessels in the cervical area are rich, and the epithelial layer is thin, which may result in slight bleeding under the action of inflammation, so sometimes there may be a small amount of blood in the leukorrhea.

　　3. Vaginal bleeding

　　The early symptoms of cervical polyps also include slight bleeding, which may sometimes be bright red. Some patients may also bleed after sexual intercourse, with some patients experiencing bleeding that is even similar to menstrual bleeding. Some patients may also have vaginal bleeding after menopause. Women may experience more or more severe vaginal bleeding after overexertion or excessive stress.

　　The prevention of uterine polyps mainly involves maintaining hygiene, treating endometritis in a timely manner, and making follow-up efforts for early diagnosis and active treatment of the disease.

　　Uterine polyps, also known as cervical polyps, are common gynecological diseases and a type of chronic cervicitis. The main clinical examination of this disease is as follows.

　　1. Cervical biopsy

　　For patients with severe conditions, cervical biopsy can be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

　　2. Gynecological examination

　　Acute inflammation can be seen with cervical congestion and edema, or erosion, with purulent secretion discharged from the cervical canal, and pain may be felt when the cervix is touched. Chronic cervicitis can be seen with varying degrees of hypertrophy, polyps, glandular cysts, inversion, etc., or purulent secretion can be seen at the cervical os, and the cervix is harder to palpate. If cervical disease or polyps are present, contact bleeding may occur.

　　3. Cytology

　　Endometrial polyps are composed of endometrium, with the surface covered by a layer of cuboidal epithelium or low columnar epithelium. The middle part of the polyp forms a fibrous longitudinal axis, containing blood vessels within it. Due to the narrow pedicle, blood supply is reduced, making the polyp prone to change. The most common occurrence is thrombosis within the polyp vessels, turning purple due to stasis, often starting with necrosis at the top, and eventually may rot and fall off.

　　In addition, blood routine examination, secretion examination, and tumor marker examination can also be performed.

　　Patients with uterine polyps should pay attention to drinking more water and eating more fruits and vegetables. Patients should increase their water intake and eat more nuts, seeds, grains, and other beneficial foods. Patients should eat more blood and kidney-nourishing foods in their daily diet, mainly those with neutral and warm properties, such as beef, mutton, pork, etc. All kinds of meats should be minced and eaten to facilitate the absorption of nutrients. Eat more vegetables with neutral and warm properties, and the ratio of meat to vegetables should be 1:1. Patients should also avoid spicy foods and drinks such as chili, Sichuan pepper, green onions, garlic, and white wine. It is forbidden to eat foods with hot, coagulating, and hormone ingredients such as longans, jujubes, ejiao, and royal jelly. Avoid cold and cool foods, regardless of the temperature or nature of the food.

　　Uterine polyps are usually treated with surgery, mainly by surgical resection. If inflammation is present, infection must be controlled first. If there is bleeding, hemostasis should be the main approach. After infection control, surgery can be performed. For those with cervical polyps before and after menopause, the polyps should be sent for pathological examination after surgical resection. If there are signs of malignancy, treatment measures should be taken as soon as possible. This disease is prone to recurrence, and regular follow-up should be carried out after surgery, with a review every three months.