Prenatal Examination

　　The rate of newborn defects in China each year, plus the rate of congenital disabilities during the period of 0 to 14 years old, is 4% to 6%. This means that 800,000 to 1.2 million children with congenital disabilities are newly added in China each year.

　　In the Chinese population, the number of congenital intellectual disabilities has reached 30 million, and it is growing at a rate of 2% per year. On average, 1 child with congenital mental retardation is born every 20 minutes in China, and 1 child with neural tube defects is born every 6 minutes. The direct economic loss caused by neural tube defects alone exceeds 200 million yuan per year.

　　If there are obvious hereditary patients in the family, people will pay attention to this aspect of examination when giving birth to children and consult doctors consciously. However, some parents, although showing the same as normal people, are carriers of certain genetic disease genes. Although they themselves do not get sick, they are very likely to pass on this genetic disease to their next generation. For example, in children with albinism, their parents show the same as normal people, but the children show white skin, light yellow hair, and developmental disorders of intelligence.

　　1. Lower abdominal pain Lower abdominal pain, in addition to considering pathological conditions such as miscarriage, cystitis, gastroenteritis, fibroids, etc., the pain on both sides may be due to the expanding uterus pulling on the round ligaments that fix the uterus, and it is particularly prone to occur on the left side. It usually occurs after certain postures, such as sudden standing, bending over, coughing, and sneezing, and usually disappears after 2 to 3 weeks.

　　2. Low back pain and neck pain Low back pain and neck pain caused by pregnancy are mostly due to changes in posture. As the uterus continues to grow, the waist has to arch backward to overcome the protruding abdomen, causing local muscle strain. In severe cases, it is advisable to consult an orthopedic doctor to rule out the possibility of a herniated disc.

　　1. Menstrual cessation This is the most common sign of pregnancy noticed by most people. For women of childbearing age with normal menstrual cycles, if they have sexual intercourse and exceed the normal menstrual period by two weeks, it may indicate pregnancy, which is the earliest sign of pregnancy.

　　2. Nausea and vomiting Most pregnant women experience nausea and vomiting to varying degrees in the first three months. The elderly say this is 'morning sickness', which often occurs in the morning. Treatment can be dietary therapy, which means avoiding greasy and fried foods.

　　3. Frequent urination and a sense of urgency After pregnancy, as the uterus gradually enlarges and compresses the bladder forward, the bladder's content volume becomes smaller. Therefore, when urine accumulates to a certain degree, there is a sense of urgency, leading to frequent trips to the bathroom, but only a thin stream, unlike before when it was abundant.

　　Precautions for pre-pregnancy examination for women:

　　1. Female friends planning to undergo pre-pregnancy examinations should start fasting from midnight on the day of the examination, as some pre-pregnancy examination items require fasting to ensure the normal progression of the examination.

　　2. The examination time is generally arranged 3 to 6 months before the planned pregnancy, so that timely treatment and correction can be provided for any abnormalities or issues unsuitable for pregnancy. Women should avoid the menstrual period when undergoing pre-pregnancy examinations and it is better to have the examination 3 to 7 days after the menstrual period stops. Avoid sexual activity in the 3 days before the pre-pregnancy examination, and ensure adequate rest the day before the examination to maintain energy. Do not wash the vagina the day before the examination.

　　3. Three to five days before the physical examination, eat a light diet and avoid foods rich in blood, such as pork liver and pork blood. You should not eat or drink anything after 12:00 PM the night before the examination.

　　4. During the pre-pregnancy examination, there is a gynecological ultrasound examination, which requires a full bladder for the procedure. Therefore, you need to hold your urine before the ultrasound. It is best to collect a little morning urine after waking up to be used for testing. Collect morning urine: The first urine excreted in the morning, collect some and put it in a clean small glass bottle for testing. Also, since the ultrasound examination requires a full bladder, you need to hold your urine, and it is best not to urinate again after urinating until the day before the ultrasound.

　　5. When undergoing X-ray examination, wear cotton underwear, do not wear clothes with metal buttons, bras, and remove any metal items such as necklaces, mobile phones, pens, and keys if any.

　　1. Hypertension Examination

　　Severe ischemia of the placental villi can lead to villous necrosis and bleeding, causing early placental abruption, which is a severe complication that directly threatens the lives of both the mother and the fetus. Therefore, women with this kind of hypertension disease should not become pregnant. Women with hypertension disease should undergo careful examination and treatment before planning to become pregnant, and whether they can become pregnant should be discussed with the doctor.

　　2. Diabetes Examination

　　Diabetes is a disease with strong heredity. Even if the mother does not show specific symptoms before pregnancy, she actually carries the genetic predisposition to diabetes at birth. Under various triggers, the genetic predisposition will manifest as symptoms. Pregnancy is one of the triggers. Therefore, it is necessary to inquire whether there are diabetic patients among the direct relatives before pregnancy.

　　Pregnant women with diabetes can suffer from miscarriage, preterm birth, pregnancy poisoning, polyhydramnios, and macrosomia in the fetus. Therefore, women with a family history of diabetes should be diagnosed by internal medicine before pregnancy, and pregnancy should be determined according to the results of the examination. For women who are not suitable for pregnancy but become pregnant, pregnancy should be terminated as soon as possible.

　　3. Kidney Disease Examination

　　As everyone knows, after pregnancy, due to the need for fetal growth and development, the mother's organs and systems will undergo a series of corresponding physiological changes. Due to the increase in metabolic products of the mother and fetus, blood volume also increases, and the burden on the kidneys is increased. The blood flow of the kidneys and the filtration fluid of the glomeruli increase in the early pregnancy and remain at a high level throughout the pregnancy. In addition, due to the effects of hormones, factors such as the thickening of the ureters, weakened peristalsis, and slow urine flow, pregnant women are also prone to pyelonephritis.

　　Since pregnancy increases the burden on the kidneys, it will exacerbate kidney lesions. At the same time, due to kidney lesions, kidney function may decrease, affecting the development of the fetus in the mother's body. In severe cases, there may be delayed fetal development, and there may also be miscarriage, stillbirth, or fetal death.

　　1. When suffering from kidney disease, it should be actively treated at any time, with different treatment methods for different kidney diseases. If you have had nephritis and have been treated and basically recovered, with only trace protein or occasionally a '+' in urine tests, and kidney function has returned to normal, blood pressure is stable, you can discuss pregnancy with your doctor.

　　2. Once pregnant, it is necessary to strengthen supervision and pay special attention to health care, such as ensuring adequate rest and increasing bed time, and consuming a rich diet in protein and vitamins. Throughout the entire pregnancy, medical supervision is required to detect gestational hypertension syndrome early and take control measures in a timely manner.

　　3. If you have chronic nephritis with hypertension or proteinuria above '++', not only is it easy to cause fetal death after pregnancy, but it will also worsen kidney function damage, and it will be very dangerous once pregnant. Therefore, it is not suitable to become pregnant before the condition is controlled to a certain extent.

　　Fourth, Anemia Detection

　　If anemia is found before pregnancy, the first step is to find out the cause, determine which type of anemia it is caused by, and then treat it. If it is iron deficiency anemia, iron and protein-rich foods should be added to the diet, and if it does not improve, iron supplements should be taken. After the anemia is basically corrected, pregnancy can be considered.

　　After pregnancy, due to the need for fetal growth and development, a series of adaptive physiological changes occur in the mother's body, which increases the burden on all systems. Healthy women can generally get through the pregnancy period well, but women with pre-existing diseases need to consider whether they can bear the burden of pregnancy, including whether they can become pregnant or how long they need to wait after the disease is cured. Anemia is a common complication of pregnancy, and some existing anemia conditions may worsen due to pregnancy, while some occur after pregnancy. Anemia affects both the mother and the baby, among which mild anemia has little impact on the mother and baby after pregnancy, while severe anemia can increase maternal pregnancy complications such as pregnancy-induced hypertension, infection, and even anemia-induced heart failure, and has a greater impact on the fetus, such as preterm birth, poor fetal development, and intrauterine distress, etc. The incidence rate increases. Therefore, if a woman has anemia before pregnancy, she should consult before pregnancy, and clarify the cause and degree of anemia, make an assessment and treatment, so as not to worsen anemia after pregnancy, or even endanger the safety of both the mother and the baby.

　　Iron deficiency anemia is a relatively common type of anemia. When diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia, in addition to actively removing the cause, attention should be paid to nutritional hygiene and it is advisable to eat more animal proteins rich in iron, such as lean meat, fish, and liver. In addition, iron supplements should be taken under the guidance of a doctor. At the same time, calcium and vitamin C should be supplemented to help with the absorption of iron. Moreover, doctors remind women with anemia that after taking iron supplements for two weeks, the increase in hemoglobin begins to be significant, and after a month, anemia can gradually improve. Subsequently, it is still necessary to take 2-3 months or even longer to supplement the iron reserve in the body. Moreover, it is forbidden to drink tea while taking oral iron supplements, and it is not advisable to take them with milk.

　　Fifth, Liver Disease Detection

　　For chronic hepatitis with a protracted course, if the condition is mild, liver function is normal, the patient is young, and the physique is good, pregnancy can also be achieved after appropriate treatment. However, after pregnancy, it is necessary to adhere to a high-protein diet and sufficient rest, and strengthen prenatal care.

　　Sixth, Cardiac Examination

　　Heart problems are a big taboo for pregnant women. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, the full medical name, is a type of arrhythmia. When not in an attack, the patient is normal, but during an attack, it can cause a rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, and a series of other problems. The patient's heartbeat can reach up to 200 times per minute, which is easy to cause insufficient blood supply to the brain and heart, affecting not only the mother but also the development of the fetus.

　　90% of the causes of supraventricular tachycardia are due to emotional excitement, being frightened, and overexertion. Of course, the patient's heart itself has certain problems, so women who plan to become mothers must do pre-pregnancy examinations. If heart palpitations and other symptoms are found, they should be treated early. In addition to physical treatment methods, minimally invasive surgery such as radiofrequency ablation has little harm to the body. Taking precautions in advance can avoid problems after pregnancy.

　　Experts remind that if supraventricular tachycardia symptoms occur after pregnancy, it is best to maintain a stable mood, avoid extreme joy and sorrow, and also avoid overexertion and other problems. When an attack occurs, do not panic, and you can stop supraventricular tachycardia by some simple methods: such as using your finger to scratch the root of your tongue to induce nausea, or immersing your face in cold water, or holding your breath and then forcefully exhaling or inhaling, etc., while seeking medical help in a timely manner.

　　7. Examination of cystitis and pyelonephritis

　　These are common diseases in women, which must be treated thoroughly before pregnancy. Only after complete recovery can pregnancy occur.

　　8. Vaginitis

　　Common vaginal infections include trichomonas vaginitis, Candida albicans vaginitis, etc. Vaginal infections often cause infections in newborns, so vaginal infections should be treated before and during pregnancy.

　　Trichomonas vaginitis is caused by the large-scale reproduction of Trichomonas before and after menstruation, leading to inflammatory发作. Trichomonas usually hides in glands and vaginal folds, consuming and ingesting glycogen substances in vaginal cells, obstructing the production of lactic acid, changing the vaginal pH, destroying the defense mechanism, and promoting secondary bacterial infection. Severe vaginal inflammation often leads to infertility because a large number of white blood cells and frothy leukorrhea change the movement of sperm, preventing them from reaching the fallopian tubes to combine with eggs.

　　Vaginal candidiasis is caused by infection with Candida albicans. Candida albicans is a conditionally pathogenic bacterium, which is prone to occur only when certain local environmental conditions are suitable. For example, pregnant women, diabetics, or patients receiving large amounts of estrogen therapy, due to the increase in glycogen in the vagina and the increase in acidity, are suitable for the growth of Candida, resulting in its large-scale reproduction and causing inflammation.

　　In addition to doing pre-pregnancy search, the father-to-be should also pay attention to the adjustment of daily life details. In terms of diet, it is necessary to reasonably supplement foods rich in high-quality protein, such as fish, shrimp, lean meat, eggs, soybeans and their products. Ensure the intake of trace elements, especially zinc and selenium, which are essential nutrients and materials for sperm production. Generally speaking, zinc is widely present in milk and other dairy products, while foods such as black beans and black rice contain a large amount of selenium. In addition, vitamins C and E in green vegetables are also beneficial to sperm development. In terms of life, the schedule should be regular, do not stay up late, and sexual life should also be regular. Physically, learn to relieve stress, maintain a kind attitude, and excessive stress, depression, and anxiety will affect male internal secretion and thus affect conception.

　　Couples with normal fertility live together without using any birth control measures, and about 60% of them get pregnant within a year, and about 80% within two years. Women who have not conceived within two years of marriage can undergo infertility examination. The main examinations include the following.

　　1. Medical History Examination:Firstly, the doctor needs to have a certain understanding of the patient's medical history. The patient needs to have enough trust in the doctor, tell the doctor about the relevant medical history, and the doctor also needs to help the patient keep the information confidential. In addition, the family genetic history of the patient also needs to be checked to see if there are any hereditary diseases in the family.

　　2. Uterus Examination: Because the uterus is an important site for female fetal gestation, a detailed examination of the patient's uterus is necessary to see if there are fibroids. The treatment principle and methods of fibroid treatment should be considered comprehensively, including the size, location, presence or absence of symptoms, patient age, and requirements for fertility. Therefore, the specific cost of fibroid surgery depends on the type of surgery chosen, the drugs used during the surgery, and some unexpected situations, etc.

　　3. Ovarian Examination:The ovary is the place for the development of female follicles and also an important endocrine gland, secreting hormones to promote the development and growth of the female reproductive system.

　　4. Immunological Examination: This examination is mainly to check for the presence of anti-sperm or anti-ovum antibodies in women. If these two exist, they will also affect female fertility, so certain immunological examinations are needed.

　　5. Fallopian Tube Examination: The importance of fallopian tubes for female fertility is self-evident. If the fallopian tubes are blocked or inflamed, it will seriously affect female fertility, so it is necessary to check the health and patency of the fallopian tubes.

　　6. Cervical Examination:The cervix is the treatment for amenorrhea where sperm enters the female body, and the role of the cervix in female fertility is similar to a fortress. If the cervix is abnormal, it may spread to the female uterus. Therefore, the cervix is also one of the examination sites.

　　7. Physical Examination:It mainly checks whether the female's body meets some of the requirements for childbirth, and whether the nutrition keeps up with the needs, etc.

　　8. Male Examination:Since giving birth is a matter for two people, men also need to undergo a series of examinations.