Tail cancer of the pancreas

　　1. Genetic factors:According to statistics, if one person in a family has pancreatic cancer, the chance of others in the family developing pancreatic cancer is 4 times higher than that of the general population. If two people in a family have pancreatic cancer, the chance of others in the family developing pancreatic cancer is 12 times higher than that of the general population. The process of gene-induced pancreatic cancer is very complex, and the exact mechanism is not yet clear. It is caused by the abnormal expression of multiple genes related to tumors.

　　2. Excessive smoking:Nicotine in cigarettes can affect the secretion of the pancreas, leading to cancerous changes in the pancreatic ductal epithelium. Smoking can promote the entry of carcinogenic substances such as specific N-nitrosamines into the bile duct, which then refluxes into the pancreatic duct, thus causing the pancreatic cancer. The smoke produced by cigarette combustion has an active effect on the metabolism of the human body, which can lead to the transformation of pancreatic cancer.

　　3. Poor dietary habits:According to investigations, people who like to eat high-fat, high-calorie, high-salt, and smoked, fried, and pickled foods are more likely to suffer from cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and are also prone to develop pancreatic cancer. In addition, people who often drink coffee have a 4 times higher chance of developing pancreatic cancer than those who do not drink coffee.

　　Complications after pancreatic tail cancer surgery:

　　1. Postoperative:Hemorrhage The incidence of hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy is 5% to 7.5%. Careful operation and hemostasis (especially at the residual end of the pancreas) are the basic guarantee for preventing postoperative hemorrhage; proper management of pancreatic fistula can avoid secondary hemorrhage; unobstructed drainage can prevent corrosive hemorrhage after peritoneal sepsis; strengthening supportive measures and the use of conventional cimetidine drugs can help reduce the occurrence of stress ulcer hemorrhage. Postoperative hemorrhage due to incomplete hemostasis often occurs within 24 hours after surgery.

　　2. Postoperative:Peritoneal abscess after surgery. Peritoneal abscess is caused by poor drainage after surgery, with an incidence rate of about 4% to 10%. It is characterized by chills, high fever, abdominal distension, impaired gastric motility, and increased white blood cell count. If not treated in time, it often leads to secondary corrosive vascular hemorrhage and peritoneal sepsis. Ultrasound and CT scan are helpful for the diagnosis and localization of this complication. Puncture and tube drainage of the abscess can be performed under ultrasound guidance, and additional surgery may be required for drainage if necessary.

　　3. Pancreatic fistula is often a complication after pancreatic resection:The fatal and most common complication. It usually occurs between 5 to 7 days after surgery. The patient may experience abdominal distension, abdominal pain, and high fever, with an increase in peritoneal drainage fluid. If the amylase level in the peritoneal drainage fluid increases, it can be determined as a pancreatic fistula. Generally, non-surgical therapy is adopted, as surgery is difficult to repair. Different methods of gastrointestinal reconstruction are of great significance in preventing the occurrence of pancreatic fistula.

　　4. Stress ulcer:Generally occurring within one to two weeks after surgery, it is characterized by vomiting blood, black stools, or a large amount of bloody fluid extracted from the gastric tube, what are the complications of pancreatic tail cancer after surgery. The patient may show pale complexion, rapid pulse, and decreased blood pressure, and should take emergency measures, such as transfusing fresh blood and administering hemostatic drugs intravenously, to actively treat the condition, as most patients can recover from danger.

　　5. Film atrophy:Generally occurs within 5-10 days after surgery. If the abdominal drainage fluid increases and amylase levels rise within 5-10 days after surgery, it may appear as atrophy. The complications after surgery for tail cancer of the pancreas include. The treatment method must maintain the patency of the abdominal cavity, ensure sufficient drainage, prevent the accumulation or corrosion of the film fluid, and apply oxidized castor oil ointment around the atrophy orifice to protect the skin. At the same time, intravenous supplementation of water, electrolytes, methoxyamine, and antiprotective enzymes is used to inhibit the secretion of film fluid.

　　6. Biliary atrophy:What are the complications after surgery for tail cancer of the pancreas? The main manifestations are bile drainage in the abdominal drain tube, and severe cases may appear chemical peritonitis. After surgery, it is necessary to closely observe the bile drainage volume, color, and the patient's jaundice regression. Maintain the patency of the 'T' type drain tube to ensure sufficient bile drainage and reduce the pressure in the bile duct.

　　7. Intra-abdominal infection:It is a serious complication, often caused by pancreatic fistula, biliary fistula, or abdominal cavity hemorrhage combined with infection. There may be symptoms such as abdominal pain, high fever, body consumption, anemia, hypoproteinemia, etc. Strengthen systemic supportive treatment, and use highly effective broad-spectrum antibiotics.

　　1. Abdominal pain:Body-tail cancer of the pancreas can cause symptoms of abdominal pain, located in the upper abdomen, umbilical area, or upper right abdomen, with characteristics of colic, paroxysmal or persistent, progressive dull pain, mostly radiating to the lumbar and sacral region, worsening when lying down or at night, and pain can be relieved when sitting, standing, leaning forward, or walking.

　　2. Jaundice:Jaundice is one of the common symptoms of body-tail cancer of the pancreas, which is mostly obstructive, progressive, and deepening, accompanied by skin itching, urine color like strong black tea, and feces color like clay. Most of it is due to compression of the common bile duct by pancreatic head cancer, and a few are due to metastasis of body-tail cancer to the liver or liver/biliary tract lymph nodes.

　　3. Weight loss:About 90% of patients with body-tail cancer of the pancreas will experience weight loss symptoms, which develop rapidly, and can be accompanied by malnutrition in the late stage. The reasons for weight loss include the consumption of cancer, loss of appetite, anxiety, insomnia, and disorders of digestion and absorption.

　　4. Loss of appetite:Patients with body-tail cancer of the pancreas may experience symptoms such as loss of appetite, accompanied by diarrhea, constipation, abdominal distension, nausea, and other gastrointestinal symptoms. A few patients may have symptoms such as steatorrhea, hyperglycemia, and diabetes. In addition, due to the ulceration or infection of the tumor, fever symptoms may also occur due to secondary biliary tract infection.

　　1. Eat more fruits:A reasonable diet is an important guarantee for our physical health. The occurrence of pancreatic cancer is closely related to people's improper diet. Therefore, in daily life, we must pay attention to eating more fresh fruits and vegetables, and also pay attention to maintaining the intake of coarse grains such as grains, beans, and sweet potatoes. Relevant experiments show that the population with high-fiber, fruits, and fresh vegetables in the diet structure should understand the common sense of preventing pancreatic cancer, and the possibility of developing pancreatic cancer is relatively small.

　　2. Quit smoking and drinking:Smoking and drinking are bad habits that many people have, and in order to effectively prevent pancreatic cancer, we must pay attention to quitting smoking, not drinking excessively, and if there are no diseases such as anemia, bleeding, stomach disease, inflammation, etc., we should advocate drinking tea, which can improve immune function and prevent cancer.

　　3. Treating Diseases:According to clinical studies, some common diseases can also cause pancreatic cancer, such as chronic pancreatitis, cholecystitis, gallstones, diabetes, and so on. Therefore, when the above diseases occur, it is necessary to actively prevent and treat diseases.

　　For the diagnosis of pancreatic tail cancer, correct the patient's anemia, hypoproteinemia, and other malnutrition manifestations before surgery. If there is diabetes, treatment should be given. Because there is a possibility of combined colonic resection, routine intestinal preparation should be performed before surgery. Perform gastroenterography before surgery to understand whether the duodenum and colon are involved; perform CT or MRI examination to clarify whether the tumor involves the head of the pancreas, superior mesenteric vessels, and portal vein. Angiography examination should be performed if necessary.

　　Diet should pay attention to eating more light and nutritious food, and pay attention to dietary balance. Avoid spicy and stimulating foods. Eat more fresh vegetables and fruits. Eat more foods that enhance immunity to improve the body's ability to resist diseases.

　　1. Surgical Treatment:Surgical resection is the main method of treating pancreatic tail cancer. Early-stage pancreatic tail cancer patients have the possibility of cure through surgical resection. However, conventional surgical treatment has a large physical trauma, with a lot of bleeding during and after surgery, and a lot of postoperative complications.

　　2. Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy:Radiation therapy and chemotherapy, commonly referred to as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, are auxiliary treatment methods for pancreatic tail cancer, which can be used before and after surgery, or regional arterial infusion interventional treatment, and have achieved varying degrees of therapeutic effects.

　　3. Endocrine Therapy:It is currently believed that there are estrogen receptors in both pancreatic cancer tissues and normal tissue cells, so there are increasing reports on endocrine hormone treatment methods for pancreatic cancer, with the most commonly used drug being tamoxifen.

　　4. Gene Therapy:In recent years, there have been significant advances in the gene therapy of pancreatic cancer. The target genes currently used can be divided into suicide genes, antisense genes, tumor suppressor genes, and immune genes.

　　5. Immunotherapy:Clinical trials of monoclonal antibody, monoclonal antibody + interferon, and monoclonal antibody + chemotherapy drugs + interferon for the treatment of pancreatic cancer have been conducted abroad. The survival period of pancreatic cancer patients has increased, and the quality of life has improved, with the main side effect being autoimmune reaction.