Colonic polyps

　　1. Embryonal abnormality: Juvenile polyposis is mostly hamartoma and may be related to embryonic developmental abnormalities;

　　2. Genetics: The occurrence of some multiple polyps is related to genetics. Patients inherit defective tumor suppressor gene APC alleles from their parents' germ cells. Another APC allele in the colon epithelium is normal at birth and becomes mutated later, resulting in adenomas at the mutation site. This type of mutation is called a somatic mutation.

　　3. Age: The incidence of colon polyps increases with age.

　　4. Lifestyle: The occurrence of polyps is less when the food contains more fiber, and vice versa. Smoking is also closely related to adenomatous polyps, with more small adenomas occurring in those with a smoking history of 20 years or less, and more large adenomas occurring in those with a smoking history of more than 20 years.

　　5. Infection: Some reports suggest that the occurrence of adenomatous polyps is related to viral infection.

　　The main complications that may occur after surgery for colon polyps include burns, bleeding, and intestinal perforation, and there have been reports of death caused by the explosion of flammable gases in the colon during electrocoagulation. Prevention mainly involves mastering the operation techniques proficiently, strictly following the operation specifications, and avoiding the use of mannitol as much as possible for intestinal preparation.

　　For those with familial colon polyps, complications may include:

　　1. Intussusception can occur. According to the clinical onset of the disease and the degree of obstruction, intussusception can be divided into three types: acute, subacute, and chronic.

　　2. Acute intussusception often occurs in infants, characterized by persistent and complete acute intestinal obstruction; subacute intussusception has a mild and short spasm, presenting as incomplete intestinal obstruction, and is more common in children.

　　3. Chronic intussusception is characterized by chronic recurrence and is more common in adults. Due to different pathological changes, its clinical symptoms vary. Complications such as intestinal obstruction, massive hemorrhage, and hemorrhagic shock may also occur, and it cannot be cured when accompanied by whole gastrointestinal polyps.

　　In addition, colon polyps can also cause anemia, intestinal stricture, toxic megacolon, intestinal perforation, and colon tumors.

　　① Intermittent hematochezia or feces with blood on the surface, mostly bright red, and not uncommon to cause large bleeding; secondary inflammation and infection may be accompanied by a large amount of mucus or mucous blood stool, and may have symptoms such as urgency, constipation, or increased defecation frequency. Polyps with long pedicles or those close to the anus may prolapse from the anus, and there may also be intussusception inversion prolapse.

　　② A few patients may have symptoms such as abdominal distension, discomfort, or hidden pain, or abdominal pain.

　　③ Digital rectal examination can palpate low-lying polyps.

　　4. Abdominal examination may palpate mass with tenderness, most of which belong to intussusception of intestinal loops, hyperactive bowel sounds, etc., and may also have no obvious abdominal signs. Patients with melanosis coli may have spots of pigmented沉着 in the oral mucosa, lips, perioral area, perianal area, as well as on the palmar and plantar surfaces of the fingers and feet.

　　How to carry out the preventive measures for colorectal polyps, it is very simple, we can refer to the following suggestions.

　　First, strengthen the physique

　　This is quite critical in the prevention of colorectal polyps. Exercising in the sun and sweating more can help expel acidic substances from the body through sweat, and avoiding the formation of an acidic body can effectively enhance one's physique.

　　Second, live a regular life

　　This is also very important in the prevention of colorectal polyps. People with irregular lifestyles, such as staying up all night to sing karaoke, playing mahjong, not going home at night, and other irregular lifestyles, will exacerbate acidification of the body, making it easy to get colorectal polyps and affecting their own health. Good living habits should be developed to maintain an alkaline body, making cell proliferation and mutation diseases distant from oneself.

　　Third, maintain a good attitude towards stress, combine work and rest, and do not overwork. It can be seen that stress is an important trigger of cancer. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that stress leads to overwork and physical weakness, resulting in decreased immune function, endocrine disorders, and internal metabolic disorders, leading to the deposition of acidic substances in the body; stress can also lead to mental tension, causing Qi stagnation and blood stasis, and internal fire invasion, etc. Do not eat contaminated food. Measures can be taken to prevent contamination, such as contaminated water, crops, poultry, eggs, and spoiled food, to prevent disease from entering the body through the mouth.

　　Fourth, do not smoke or drink. Gastroenterologists say that smoking and excessive drinking will increase the risk of colorectal polyps and colorectal cancer. If you have a family history of colorectal cancer, you should especially reduce smoking and drinking to lower the risk of disease. Eat more fruits and vegetables. Studies have shown that fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are helpful in preventing colorectal polyps, as these foods are rich in fiber and can reduce the risk of colorectal polyps. In addition, fruits and vegetables are also rich in antioxidants, which can prevent colorectal cancer.

　　1. Colonoscopy can directly visualize the polyps.

　　2. Barium enema shows varying degrees of filling defects.

　　3. Laboratory examination: The overall detection rate of polyps in fecal occult blood test is relatively low, and tumor marker detection can be used for the monitoring of early cancer transformation, cancer progression, and early recurrence.

　　For patients with colorectal polyps, it is recommended to consume foods rich in calcium, including milk and other dairy products, as well as broccoli; appropriate intake of animal liver, egg yolks, fish, and dairy products fortified with vitamin D; and eating more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

　　Eat more foods that have the effects of clearing intestinal heat, nourishing the mucosa, and promoting bowel movements and hemostasis, such as fresh pear juice, lotus juice, reed root juice, celery juice, carrots, radishes (eaten raw), bitter melon, eggplant, cucumber, spinach, chrysanthemum, cabbage, egg yolk, apples, figs, bananas, black sesame, walnuts, white fungus, etc.

　　Avoid spicy, greasy, rough, and fibrous foods, and avoid smoking, alcohol, and coffee.

　　For patients who have undergone colon surgery

　　(1) If the patient has passed gas, Western medicine does not taboo eating so-called 'hair' (meat, eggs, seafood, etc.) foods, but attention should be paid to light and easy-to-digest diet.

　　(2) After surgery, it is necessary to eat 'fine grain', and it is not allowed to eat coarse fiber foods such as celery, garlic sprouts, chives, cabbage, etc. Milk white crucian carp soup, ox tail soup can be made, which are very nutritious and are very suitable for postoperative diet.

　　Surgical treatment for colon polyps

　　1. Single polyps can be removed and pathological examination can be performed at the same time.

　　2. For multiple polyps or large polyps with malignant signs, pathological biopsy can be performed through the anal scope and enteroscope to exclude malignancy.

　　3. Low-position or long pedicle prolapsed polyps can be removed using a rectoscope, sigmoidoscope, ligation, or directly through the anal canal.

　　4. For broad-based or multiple polyps, partial resection of the intestinal wall and segment can be performed through the abdominal, perineal, and sacral tail.

　　5. High-position polyps can be removed by high-frequency electrosurgery with a fiberoptic colonoscope.

　　6. If polyps have cancer, they should be removed by radical resection according to tumors.

　　Electrocoagulation therapy

　　Electrocoagulation therapy is suitable for polyps with high position and pedicle. The patient takes a lateral position, finds the polyp under the colonoscopy, and directly applies the electrocoagulation ligation ring to the root of the polyp to burn it. Avoid burning too deeply to cause intestinal wall ulceration or perforation. Make sufficient bowel preparation before surgery, and fast for 1 day after surgery, providing intravenous anti-inflammatory treatment.

　　Injections therapy

　　Injections therapy is suitable for polyps with low position, wide root without pedicle. The patient takes a lateral position or a lithotomy position, finds the polyp under the anal scope, disinfects the rectum with iodophor solution. Inject 2;1 hemorrhoid solution into the root of the polyp, with a dosage of 1-2ml, to the extent of swelling and deformation of the root. After injection, insert 1 hemorrhoid suppository into the anal canal. After surgery, change the local dressing once a day and keep the bowel movements smooth to provide anti-inflammatory treatment.