Colorectal polyps

　　(1)Genetic factors are one of the causes of intestinal polyps:

　　It is generally believed that the formation of colorectal polyps is closely related to gene mutations and genetic factors. Current research indicates that mutated genes can be inherited from parents to offspring, and there is no difference in genetic opportunities between males and females.

　　(2)Inflammatory stimulation is one of the causes of intestinal polyps:

　　Long-term inflammation of the intestinal mucosa can cause the formation of intestinal mucosal polyps. This is due to the inflammation, congestion, edema, erosion, and ulceration of the intestinal mucosa, which, after healing, lead to gradual contraction of scars, forming polyps. Also, due to chronic inflammation stimulation, gland obstruction, and mucus retention, disease occurs.

　　(3)Poor living habits and irregular lifestyle can also lead to acidification of body fluids, causing mutations and hyperplasia of intestinal cells, leading to intestinal polyps.

　　(4)Dietary factors are one of the causes of intestinal polyps:

　　Dietary factors are related to the formation of colorectal polyps, especially the interaction between bacteria and bile acids, which may be the basis for the formation of adenomatous polyps.

　　(5)Feces, foreign bodies, and mechanical injury are one of the causes of intestinal polyps:

　　Long-term stimulation of coarse fecal matter and foreign bodies on the intestinal mucosal epithelium, as well as other causes of rectal mucosal injury, lead to abnormal cell proliferation and the formation of intestinal polyps.

　　Complications usually occur after surgery, mainly including burns, bleeding, intestinal perforation, and there are reports of deaths caused by the explosion of flammable gases in the colon during electrocoagulation. Prevention mainly involves mastering the operation techniques proficiently, strictly adhering to the operation specifications, and trying not to use mannitol for intestinal preparation as much as possible.
　　
　　Complications usually occur after surgery, mainly including burns, bleeding, intestinal perforation, and there are reports of deaths caused by the explosion of flammable gases in the colon during electrocoagulation. Prevention mainly involves mastering the operation techniques proficiently, strictly adhering to the operation specifications, and trying not to use mannitol for intestinal preparation as much as possible.

　　1. The main symptoms of colorectal polyps include intermittent hematochezia, abnormal stools, abdominal pain, and prolapse of the polyps.

　　Blood in stool: Intermittent blood in stool or blood on the surface of feces, mostly bright red; secondary inflammation and infection may be accompanied by mucous stools or mucous and bloody stools, with symptoms such as urgent need to defecate, constipation, or increased frequency of defecation. For those with polyps close to the anus, there may be prolapse of the polyps from the anus, or even intussusception.

　　Change in defecation habits: This includes changes in defecation time and frequency, as well as constipation or diarrhea of unknown cause. In particular, the alternating appearance of constipation and diarrhea should be a warning sign.

　　Abnormal stool shape: Normal feces should be cylindrical, but if the polyp compresses the feces in the colon lumen, it will often become thin or flat when excreted, or may have blood stains attached.

　　Abdominal pain: It is relatively rare, and sometimes large polyps can cause intussusception, leading to intestinal obstruction and abdominal pain.

　　2. The main symptoms of rectal polyps are bleeding, prolapse, and intestinal stimulation symptoms.

　　Blood in stool: Painless blood in stool is the main clinical manifestation of rectal polyps. The amount of bleeding from the polyp is small, but if the polyp falls off due to the pressure during defecation or the polyp is large and located low, a large amount of bleeding may occur. The characteristic of blood in stool is that blood is mixed with feces without dripping.

　　Protrusion: When the polyp is large or there are many of them, due to gravity, the intestinal mucosa is pulled and gradually hangs down, which may lead to rectal prolapse.

　　Intestinal stimulation symptoms: When the intestinal peristalsis pulls the polyp, intestinal stimulation symptoms may occur, such as abdominal discomfort, abdominal pain, diarrhea, purulent stools, urgent need to defecate, etc.

　　As the saying goes, 'diseases enter through the mouth,' and the prevention of anorectal diseases should especially emphasize dietary prevention. Intestinal polyps, as a common disease in anorectal surgery, cause great harm to patients' lives and health. In addition to early examination and treatment, early prevention of the disease should also be emphasized. Developing good daily habits is very important for the prevention of intestinal polyps.

　　Firstly, one should quit smoking and limit alcohol consumption.The World Health Organization has predicted early on that if people stop smoking, cancer in the world will decrease by one-third after 5 years; cigarettes and alcohol are extremely acidic substances, and those who smoke and drink alcohol for a long time are very prone to an acidic constitution.

　　Secondly, it is important to master the taboos in diet.Do not eat too much salty and spicy food, and do not eat overcooked, cold, expired, or spoiled food; for the elderly, the weak, or those with a genetic predisposition to certain diseases, it is advisable to consume some cancer-preventive foods and alkaline foods with high alkalinity to maintain a good mental state. Also, avoid consuming contaminated foods such as polluted water, crops, poultry, eggs, and fish, and eat green organic foods to prevent diseases from entering the body through the mouth.

　　Furthermore, maintaining a positive attitude is crucial.When facing pressure, attention should be paid to the combination of work and rest to prevent overfatigue. Stress is an important trigger of cancer. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that stress leads to overexertion and physical weakness, causing a decrease in immune function, endocrine imbalance, disordered metabolism in the body, and the deposition of acidic substances in the body; stress can also lead to mental tension, causing Qi stagnation and blood stasis, and internal heat invasion.

　　Fourthly, it is important to strengthen physical exercise.Regular physical exercise can enhance physical fitness. Exercising in the sun and sweating more can help expel acidic substances from the body through sweat, preventing the formation of an acidic constitution.

　　Fifth, daily life should be regular.People with irregular lifestyles, such as staying up all night to sing karaoke, playing mahjong, not going home at night, and other irregular lifestyles, will aggravate acidification of the body, making it easy to develop intestinal polyps. It is advisable to develop good living habits to maintain an alkaline体质, promote cell proliferation, and keep the risk of mutation diseases away from oneself.

　　Since intestinal polyps generally do not have clinical symptoms, and even if there are, the symptoms are not specific, the diagnosis of intestinal polyps mainly depends on special instrumental examinations. Commonly used in clinical practice include various gastrointestinal endoscopies, X-ray gastrointestinal contrast, CT scans, and so on.

　　1.Electronic colonoscopy: This is the main examination method for colon polyps. In fact, most colon polyps are found incidentally during colonoscopy. Colonoscopy is inserted into the anus to examine the entire colon and the distal part of the small intestine (terminal ileum). Under colonoscopy, the mucosal surface of the intestine can be observed clearly, and it is very sensitive to protruding polyps, which can detect polyps as small as a few millimeters. With the continuous advancement of endoscopic technology, doctors can not only find colon polyps but also polyps and can make an initial judgment on the type of polyps. For colon polyps, the most important thing is to differentiate adenomatous polyps with a tendency to cancer and non-adenomatous polyps that do not cause cancer. Dr. Kudo, a Japanese doctor, proposed a classification method for colon polyps, which has been widely used in clinical practice. According to this classification, with the help of advanced technologies such as chromoendoscopy and magnifying endoscopy, doctors can make a relatively accurate judgment of the type of polyps through endoscopy, thereby providing appropriate treatment. Under colonoscopy, the pathological nature of the polyps can be diagnosed by biopsy. Colonoscopy is not only a diagnostic method for polyps but also an important means of treating polyps.

　　2.Capsule endoscopy and small bowel endoscopy: Intestinal polyps are very rare and are often found during capsule endoscopy or small bowel endoscopy due to symptoms such as abdominal pain or hematochezia. Capsule endoscopy is a method where the examinee swallows an intelligent capsule with an integrated camera and signal transmission device, which moves within the digestive tract and captures images for intestinal examination, mainly used for diagnosing small bowel diseases. Capsule endoscopy is painless for patients and can complete the observation of the entire small bowel mucosa for most patients, which is of great value for the diagnosis of small bowel diseases. Small bowel endoscopy is similar to colonoscopy, which can observe the small bowel mucosa and can perform biopsies on the lesion site to determine the diagnosis.

　　3.X-ray gastrointestinal contrast: It refers to a radiographic examination method that uses barium sulfate as a contrast agent to display whether there are any abnormalities in the digestive tract under X-ray irradiation. It mainly includes two methods: barium meal examination of the digestive tract and barium enema. During the barium meal examination, the patient swallows barium sulfate, which is mainly used to examine the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. During the barium enema, the doctor injects barium sulfate into the anus, which is mainly used to examine the colon. X-ray examination can only detect some larger polyps. However, compared to endoscopic examination, its advantages are safety, fewer complications, and relatively mild discomfort caused by the examination.

　　4.OtherWith the continuous progress of clinical diagnostic technology, CT virtual colonoscopy and positron emission tomography (PET) and other technologies have emerged, which can also detect larger intestinal polyps. And make different degrees of judgments on the nature of the polyps.

　　The dietary structure should be balanced and reasonable, and it is recommended to eat less fatty meat, fried, grilled, and spicy foods, and to eat more coarse grains, fresh vegetables, and fruits rich in dietary fiber. At the same time, smoking should be quit and alcohol consumption limited, which can not only supplement a variety of vitamins and minerals but also keep the bowels smooth and reduce the damage to the intestines from harmful waste.

　　Treatment Principle

　　The treatment principle of intestinal polyps is: for polyps with symptoms, treatment should be given; for asymptomatic polyps, which are the vast majority of clinical polyps, the treatment method is mainly determined by whether there is a tendency towards malignancy. Generally, adenomatous polyps with a tendency towards malignancy should be resected according to principle, while hyperplastic polyps, inflammatory polyps, and other types do not require special treatment, and observation and follow-up are sufficient. The main treatment methods for intestinal polyps are to remove them through endoscopy or surgery.

　　Endoscopic Treatment

　　Endoscopic treatment is the most commonly used method for removing intestinal polyps, especially colon polyps. It is most suitable for pedunculated polyps. There are many methods for endoscopic polypectomy, and different treatment methods should be selected according to the location, size, shape, pedunculated or sessile, and other factors of the polyps. In recent years, with the improvement of endoscopic treatment technology, more and more methods of colonoscopy endoscopic resection have emerged, and the indications have been expanded.

　　Surgical Treatment

　　The surgical treatment of polyps and polyposis usually includes: local resection, resection of intestinal segments, subtotal colectomy, total colectomy, and total colectomy and rectal resection. It depends on the number of polyps, the width of the base, and the location.